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a-level biology- y12 > 3.1.5- Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

3.1.5- Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Our genetic code is

A

Composed of DNA

The same in all living organisms

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

23 pairs in every body cell

Made of DNA/proteins

store info for the body

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3
Q

Genes

A

Short sections of DNA that code for 1 polypeptide or functional RNA

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4
Q

Nucleotides

A

monomers of nucleic acids, make up DNA

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5
Q

Structure of DNA

A

double helix, two polynucleotide chains linked by hydrogen bonds, chains are anti parallel

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6
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the type of bond that links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA. joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide

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7
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
  3. Phosphate group
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8
Q

Complementary Base Pairs

A

A&T, C&G

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9
Q

A & T

A

Adenine & Thymine

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10
Q

G & C

A

Guanine and Cytosine

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11
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

components of an organism’s DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Also known as junk DNA

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12
Q

What is RNA?

A

ribonucleic acid

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13
Q

Pentose sugar in RNA

A

ribose sugars

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14
Q

Bases in RNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

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15
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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16
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

17
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

18
Q

Ribosomal RNA role

A

Combines with protein to make up the ribosomes structure

19
Q

Messenger RNA role

A

Copies of the dna sequence which leaves the nucleus through membrane pores and gives instructions to the ribosomes to make proteins

20
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Carries specific amino acids during the process of protein synthesis (called translation)

21
Q

Why is DNA replication important?

A

So new cells have the same DNA as old ones.

Growth, specialisation, reproduction

22
Q

3 models of DNA replication

A

semiconservative, conservative, dispersive

23
Q

conservative replication

A

A disproved model of DNA synthesis: suggests 1 of the DNA molecules contain both parental strands and the other contains only newly synthesised DNA

24
Q

dispersive replication

A

a disproved model of DNA synthesis suggesting more or less random interspersion of parental and new segments in daughter DNA molecules. Both strands have old and new

25
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

26
Q

What does DNA require to replicate?

A

A template, free nucleotides, energy, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase

27
Q

Role of DNA template

A

acts a copy/template so that a new strand can be created.

28
Q

role of free nucleotide

A

they make up a new stand of DNA and synthesise it so you have enough DNA strands.

29
Q

role of energy

A

enables reactions to occur

30
Q

Role of DNA helicase

A

enzymes break hydrogen bonds to break apart the strands and therefore the helix also

31
Q

role of DNA Polymerase

A

synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides covalently to the 3’ end of a primer/ DNA strand. Resynthesises backbone and phosphodiester bond

32
Q

Step 1 of semi conservative replication

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds and therefore breaks the strands apart

33
Q

Step 2 of semi conservative replication

A

2 template strands are formed

34
Q

Step 3 of semi conservative replication

A

Free nucleotides join onto complementary bases of template strands

35
Q

Step 4 of semi conservative replication

A

hydrogen bonds are formed between free nucleotides and and template

36
Q

Step 5 of semi conservative replication

A

DNA polymerase forms the phosphodiester bonds which reforms the sugar-phosphate backbone

37
Q

step 6 of semi conservative replication

A

Two new DNA molecules are formed each containing half of the parent DNA

38
Q

A & T hydrogen bonds

A

2 hydrogen bonds

39
Q

G & C hydrogen bonds

A

3 hydrogen bonds

a-level biology- y12 (14 decks)

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