Unit 10 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Reproduction Division

A

Meiosis splits the chromosomes in half, therefore, creating a haploid gamete. The diploid number is then reconstituted by fertilization and/or sexual reproduction.

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2
Q

Haploid vs. Diploid

A

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes and diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.

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3
Q

Genetic Rearrangement (Crossing Over vs. Random Assortment)

A

Crossing over is the exchange of DNA between non-sister homologous chromatids. Random Assortment is when chromosomes line up in a random orientation during metaphase I.

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4
Q

Phases of Meiosis

A

Meiosis I: The first meiotic division functions to separate the homologous chromosomes. Reduction division that results in the formation of 2 haploid daughter cells.
Meiosis I Phases: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I

Meiosis II: The second meiotic division functions to separate the sister chromatids.
Meiosis II Phases: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II

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5
Q

S-Phase What happens?

A

This is a phase in interphase in which DNA is replicated and chromosomes will consist of genetically identical sister chromatids.

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6
Q

What kinds of cells does meiosis make?

A

Meiosis produces four haploid gametes that are genetically unique.

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7
Q

Synapsis and the Chiasmata

A

Synapsis is the stage during prophase one in which homologous chromosomes become connected. Chiasmata are physical connections in which non-sister chromatids may recombine with their homologous partner.

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8
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

All sexually reproducing organisms inherit one copy of a gene (i.e. allele) from each parent

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9
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

Inheritance of alleles for one gene occurs independently of all other genes

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10
Q

Dihybrids

A

Gametes use the foil method:
F- First
O- Out
I- In
L- Last

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11
Q

Linked vs. Unlinked

A

Linked genes are genes whose loci are all on the same chromosome.
Consequently, linked genes function as a single inheritable unit during meiosis.

Unlinked genes- These will form all phenotypic combinations via random assortment.

Linked genes- These will only produce recombinant phenotypes when crossing over occurs

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12
Q

Thomas Morgan

A

Thomas Morgan developed the concept of gene linkage via breeding experiments with fruit flies (Drosophila).

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13
Q

Monogenic vs Polygenic traits

A

Monogenic traits- are controlled by a single gene and show discrete variation. Examples of monogenic traits include the presence of attached earlobes / freckles.

Polygenic traits are controlled by multiple genes and show continuous variation. Examples of polygenic traits include human height, weight and skin colour.

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14
Q

Gene Pools

A

Gene pools represent the sum total of alleles for all genes present in a population. Gene pools change via evolution.

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15
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Genetic drift is a change in the composition of a gene pool due to chance events.

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16
Q

Population Bottle Necks

A

Population bottlenecks occur when an event reduces population size by an order of magnitude.The surviving population is smaller and has less genetic variability.

17
Q

Founder Effect

A

The founder effect occurs when a new population is established by a small subset of a larger population (resulting in less genetic variation and greater genetic drift).

18
Q

Speciation: Allopatric vs Sympatric

A

Types of Selection-
Stabilising: An intermediate phenotype is favoured over the extremes
Directional: One phenotypic extreme is selected at the expense of another
Disruptive: Both extremes are selected over an intermediate phenotype

Allopatric speciation: Divergence due to geographical isolation
Sympatric speciation: Divergence within the same geographical location

19
Q

Polyploidy

A

If sex cells fail to undergo cytokinesis, chromosome number doubles in gametes.

20
Q

Phyletic Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium

A

This is the pace of speciation:

Phyletic Gradualism-Speciation results from continuous change occurring at a constant pace.
Arises as a result of the gradual accumulation of genetic mutations over time.

Punctuated Equilibrium-Speciation results from abrupt bursts that intersperse periods of stability.
Equilibrium is punctuated by rapid environmental changes.

21
Q

Chi Squared Test

A

The Steps in a Chi Squared Test are:
1. Identify a hypothesis (null hypothesis versus alternative hypothesis)

  1. Construct a table of frequencies (observed versus expected data)
  2. Apply the chi-squared formula to test for differences in the phenotypic ratios
  3. Determine the degree of freedom and identify the p value (should be p<0.05)

Equation for test: (O-E)²/E