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Nat 5 Biology > Topic 2: Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

Topic 2: Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Reproduction is the production of new members of a species

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

2 parents and involves sex cells

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

1 parent and involves no sex cells

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4
Q

Most animal reproduce…

A

Sexually

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Another word for sex cells

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6
Q

Male gamete

A

Sperm

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7
Q

Female gamete

A

Egg

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8
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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9
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilised egg

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10
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

In the oviduct

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11
Q

Where does the fertilised egg implant?

A

In the wall of the uterus

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12
Q

Oviduct

A

This is where fertilisation occurs. It is tube that allows the passage of eggs from an ovary

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13
Q

Vagina

A

Provides a passage for blood from the uterus during period. Recives the penis during sex and holds the sperm until the pass into the uterus.

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14
Q

Uterus

A

Where the fetus develops and grows

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15
Q

Ovary

A

Produces and stores eggs and creates hormones

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16
Q

Cervix

A

Allows fluids to flow in and out of the uterus

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17
Q

Uretha

A

Empties urine from the bladder

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18
Q

Penis

A

Male organ used for sex and urination

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19
Q

Sperm tube

A

Moves sperm away from the testicle

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20
Q

Testis

A

Male organ that produces sperm and hormones

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21
Q

Scrotum

A

Bag of skin that holds and protects testicles

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22
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes (23 pairs)

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23
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes (23 single chromosomes)

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24
Q

Number of chromosomes in sperm cell

A

23 chromosomes (haploid)

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25
Q

Number of chromosomes in egg cell

A

23 chromosomes (haploid)

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26
Q

Number of chromosomes in a embryo

A

46 chromosomes (diploid)

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27
Q

What happens to the set of chromosomes when a sperm cell is fertilised with an egg cell?

A

It will double

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28
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of cell division. It involves a cell dividing to produce an identical daughter cell.

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29
Q

Why is mitosis essential?

A

It is essential for growth and repair and also keeps the chromosome complement.

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30
Q

Step 1 of Mitosis (interphase)

A

Cell is ready to divide and DNA is copied

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31
Q

Step 2 of Mitosis (prophase)

A

Chromosomes condense and becomes visible and the nucleus breaks down.

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32
Q

Step 3 of Mitosis (metaphase)

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell with spindle fibres

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33
Q

Step 4 of Mitosis (anaphase)

A

Chromosomes (now chromatids) are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

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34
Q

Step 5 of Mitosis (telephase)

A

The membrane around the nucleus forms around each set of chromosomes

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35
Q

Step 6 of Mitosis (cytokinesis)

A

The cytoplasm divides, forming two genetically identical daughter cells

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36
Q

Stem cell

A

An unspecialised cell (doesn’t yet have a special job to do)

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37
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Found in embryos. Unspecialised cells with the ability to differenate into any type of cell in the human body

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38
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Different to embryonic stem cells as they are more limited and can only form cells that belong to their tissue type.

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39
Q

What can stem cells do while remaining unspecialised?

A

They can divide and multiply while staying unspecialised

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40
Q

Why are stem cells used in research?

A

They are involved in the body’s growth and repair and could be used to treat diseases.

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41
Q

Explain the controversy of using stem cells in research.

A

Embryonic stem cells are more efficent as they could be any type of cell but to obtain a embryonic stem cell, you must destroy the embryo and many people think that is the same as taking a human life.

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42
Q

Self-renewal

A

Copying of a stem cell

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43
Q

Differentiation

A

The making of different type of cells

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44
Q

What is the fetus surrounded by?

A

Amniotic fluid

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45
Q

What is the umbiolical cord attached to?

A

The placenta

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46
Q

How is the placenta essential to the fetus growth?

A

It allows food and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. It also removes carbon dioxide and waste from the embryo’s blood and passes it to the mother where it can be filitered out.

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47
Q

Stage 1 of fetus development

A

Fertilisation: The nucleus of the sperm and egg fuse together

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48
Q

Stage 2 of fetus development

A

Embryo formation: The cells of the zygote begin to divide

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49
Q

Stage 3 of fetus development

A

Implantation: Embryo becomes attached to the wall of uterus

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50
Q

Stage 4 of fetus development

A

Placenta development: Some of the cells in the embryo become a placenta

51
Q

Stage 5 of fetus development

A

1st trimester: Embryo develops into a foetus and vital organs are made.

52
Q

Stage 6 of fetus development

A

2nd trimester: Rapid growth and continued development of organs, skin, hair and more

53
Q

Stage 7 of fetus development

A

3rd trimester: Foetus is now fully grown but continues to grow until birth

54
Q

Stage 8 of fetus development

A

Birth: The cervix opens and strong muscle contractions push the baby out of the uterus.

55
Q

What does asexual reproduction NOT involve?

A

Fertilisation

56
Q

Clone

A

An individual who is genetically identical to its parent

57
Q

Advantage of sexual reproduction

A

Variation in the population which means increased chance of survival

58
Q

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

Slow process, takes time to find a mate

59
Q

Advantage of asexual reproduction

A

Fast process, only one parent so no time is lost in trying to find a mate

60
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

No variation and can be a problem if the enviroment changes

61
Q

What does variation allow?

A

It allows some members of the population to survive and adapt to changing enviromental conditions

62
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilised by a sperm

63
Q

Parthenogenesis greek meaning

A

Virgin birth

64
Q

Where in a flower does pollen grains land?

A

Stigma

65
Q

Where do sex cells in a flower travel to?

A

The ovary

66
Q

Male sex organ in a flower

A

Stamen (anther)

67
Q

Male sex cells in a flower are contained in…

A

pollen grains

68
Q

Female gamete of a flower

A

Ovules

69
Q

Male gamete of a flower

A

Pollen

70
Q

Sepal

A

Protects the unopened flower bud

71
Q

Petal

A

May be brightly coloured to attract insects

72
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive organ in a flower, consists of two parts: filament and anther.

73
Q

Anther

A

Produces male gametes (pollen grains)

74
Q

Stigma

A

Top of the female part which collects pollen

75
Q

Ovary

A

Bottom of the female part which produces the female gametes (ovules)

76
Q

Nectary

A

May be present to produce sugary nectar to attract insects

77
Q

Female sex organ in a flower

A

Ovary

78
Q

Where does fertilisation in a flower occur?

A

In the ovary

79
Q

How do plants increase their number?

A

By producing seeds

80
Q

Vegetative Propgation

A

When plants make copies of themselves without making seeds

81
Q

Clones

A

When a plant is genetically identical to their parent plant

82
Q

Natural Propagation

A

When the plant will make a copies of itself

83
Q

Artificial Propagation

A

Menas that part of a plant is cut off from its parent and is treated so that it grows into a new plant

84
Q

Rooting powder

A

Used before planting when the cut stem does not develop roots easily

85
Q

Propgators

A

A piece of equipment that provides a humid atmosphere

86
Q

The 5 methods of natural vegetative propgation

A

Bulbs, tubers, offsets, plantlets, runners

87
Q

Example of a bulb

A

Onion

88
Q

Example of a runner

A

Strawberry

89
Q

Example of a offset

A

Aloe vera

90
Q

Example of a plantlet

A

Kalanchoe

91
Q

Example of a tuber

A

Potato

92
Q

What do plants produced asexually lack?

A

Variation

93
Q

What are 2 methods used in artificial propgation

A

Cutting and grafting

94
Q

Variation

A

Difference between in genes and DNA in the population

95
Q

Lifecycle

A

A diagram to represent the stages of development in an organism’s lifetime

96
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

Fertilisation that occurs inside the organism

97
Q

External fertilisation

A

Fertilisation that occurs outside the organism

98
Q

An example of internal fertilisation

A

Mammals as it occurs inside the fallopian tube

99
Q

An example of external fertilisation

A

Fish/frogs in the liquid medium they live in

100
Q

Nature

A

Genes we inherit from our parents

101
Q

Nurture

A

The enviromental factors our physical appearance

102
Q

What is our appearance due to?

A

Nature AND nurture

103
Q

Seed germination

A

An example of polygenic inheritance

104
Q

Polygenic inheritence

A

Mixture of different genes from its parent

105
Q

What makes successful seed germination?

A

Genes the embryo inherits and water, oxygen and correct temperature

106
Q

Continous variation

A

Ranges from a minimum to a maximum value between two extremes. Controlled by many genes (polygenic inheritance)

107
Q

Discrete variation

A

Can be seperated into distinct groups according to their trait. Controlled by different forms of the same gene (single gene inheritance)

108
Q

Examples of discrete variation

A

Freckles
Blood group
Flower colour
(these all stay the same)

109
Q

Examples of continous variation

A

Height
Hand span
Weight
(these keep growing)

110
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long thread like structures found in the nucleus. Carries genetic information

111
Q

Genotype

A

The genes an organism inherits

112
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical features of an individual - determined by their genes

113
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene. One from the mother and one from the father

114
Q

Dominant

A

The form of gene (allele) that hides a recessive form of a gene if present

115
Q

Recessive

A

The form of gene (allele) that is hidden by a dominant form of a gene

116
Q

Homozygous/true breeding

A

An individual who has two alleles that are identical for a particular trait (BB or bb)

117
Q

Hetrozygous/hybrid

A

An individual who has two alleles that are different for a particular trait (Bb)

118
Q

What do we use to represent alleles?

A

Letters

119
Q

The larger letter will always be…

A

the dominant gene

120
Q

The smaller letter will always be…

A

the recessive gene

121
Q

Punett square

A

A method that is used to calculate the pssibility of having a specific trait

122
Q

How do we find the F2 generation?

A

Cross 2 members from the F1 generation

123
Q

What will a F2 generation from a true breeding cross reveal?

A

Both dominant and recessive traits from the parent generation

124
Q

Why is it essential for new cells to be genetically identical?

A

So they have the genetic information to function

Nat 5 Biology (3 decks)

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