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Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How is the thorax arranged?

A

flexible containing segmentally arranged vertebrae, ribs, muscles and sternum

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2
Q

What protects the heart?

A

ribs and sternum and pleural cavity

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3
Q

In terms of ribs, where does the heart lie?

A

between ribs 2-5 - comes just below rib 4. apex lies in the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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4
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and roots of great vessels

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5
Q

What are the two types of pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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6
Q

What are the features of fibrous pericardium?

A
  • inelastic/ no stretch
  • made up of deep connective tissue
    fuses inferiorly with diaphram
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7
Q

How does fibrous pericardium fuse to the diaphragm?

A

central tendons of diaphragm

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8
Q

What is the the function of fibrous pericardium?

A

prevents overfilling
anchors in position
defines boundaries of middle medistinium

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9
Q

What makes up serous pericardium?

A

parietal and visceral pericardium (double layered)

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10
Q

What does the parietal layer line?

A

inner surface of fibrous pericardium?

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11
Q

what is the visceral layer also known as?

A

epicardium

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12
Q

what does the visceral layer adhere to?

A

surface of the heart

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13
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

potential space between parietal and visceral layer for pericardial fluid to allow for movement and prevents friction

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14
Q

in order of proximity to heart, which pericardium layers are closest?

A

closest - visceral
parietal
distal - fibrous

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15
Q

what three layers make up the heart wall?

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

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16
Q

what is the inner layer of the heart wall

A

endocardium

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17
Q

what makes up endocardium?

A

simple square epithelial cells

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18
Q

what makes up the middle layer of the heart wall?

A

myocardium

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19
Q

what is unique about myocardium in the heart?

A

the thickest layer - makes up cardiac muscle

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20
Q

what is epicardium?

A

outer layer of the heart layer - visceral pericardium

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21
Q

what is closest to heart itself the heart wall or pericardium?

A

heart wall is closet, last layer is visceral pericardium (epicardium), which makes up start of pericardium

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22
Q

where does the superior vena cava bring blood in from?

A

head, neck, upper limbs

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23
Q

where does the inferior Vena cava bring blood in from?

A

anything lower than the heart

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24
Q

what are the three branches on the aortic branch?

A
  1. brachiocephalic trunk
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
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25
Q

What is an auricle?

A

prominent structures on right and left atrium
looks like a dogs ear

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26
Q

What does trabeculae carnea mean?

A

meaty ridges

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27
Q

What is the function of trabeculae carnea?

A

keeps valves the correct way, prevent back flow - like papillary msucles

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28
Q

what is the structure of trabeculae carnea?

A

numerous, irregular forming ridges and bridges

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29
Q

what is the smallest naturally arising myocyte?

A

trabeculae carnea

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30
Q

in latin what are pectinate muscles?

A

pecten - teeth of a comb

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31
Q

where are trabeculae carnea?

A

inner surface of ventricles

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32
Q

where are pectinate muscles?

A

parallel muscular ridges in the walls of atria

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33
Q

what are the function of pectinate muscles?

A

develops large and stable forces of contraction

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34
Q

what is the septum?

A

divides the heart

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35
Q

what is the muscular section of the heart?

A

thick and makes up majority - lower sections

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36
Q

what is the membranous part of septum?

A

thinner and upper section

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37
Q

what does the interventricular septum form?

A

anterior wall between between ventricles

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38
Q

what are the differences between the right and left trabeculae carnea?

A

left ventricle has more finer and delicate ridges

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39
Q

which ventricle wall is more thick and why?

A

left - this side pumps blood to all of body, right is pulomary

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40
Q

which ventricle is longer?

A

left

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41
Q

what type of connective tissue bands is between atria and ventricles?

A

fibrous making up fibrous skeleton

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42
Q

what is the function of the fibrous skeleton?

A

electrically separate atria from ventricles - manages conduction

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43
Q

where is the fibrous skeleton located?

A

between atria and ventricles encircles pulmonary trunk and aorta and suspends heart valves

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44
Q

what is the function of heart valves?

A

to prevent backflow

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45
Q

what are the two types of AV valves?

A

tricuspid and bicuspid

46
Q

what are the differences between tricuspid and bicuspid?

A
  1. tricuspid has three leafleats, bicuspid has 2
  2. bicuspid is the left
  3. tricuspid is the right
47
Q

what is another name for bicuspid valve?

A

mitral valve

48
Q

why is the tricuspid valve on the right

A

there is less pressure than the left and still need to maintain the amount of blood flow - more tunnels of access

49
Q

how do the AV valves open?

A

by blood flowing from atria to valves - chordae tendinae relax

50
Q

how are the AV valves anchored between atria and ventricles?

A

chordae tendinae to papillary muscles

51
Q

how do AV valves close?

A

contraction of papillary muscles to prevent valve eversion

52
Q

where are semi lunar valves?

A

in pulmonary artery and aorta

53
Q

how many cusps are there within the SL valve?

A

3

54
Q

what is the function of SL valves?

A

prevents back flow from aorta/ pulmonary artery

55
Q

how does SL valve open?

A

force of blood when ventricles contract

56
Q

how does SL valves close?

A

when the ventricles relax, arterial pressure exceeds ventricular and the SL valves snap shut

57
Q

what surrounds heart valves?

A

anulus fibrosus - 4 rings of cardiac skeleton

58
Q

what type of innervation does the vagus nerve provide?

A

parasympathetic to thoracic viscera

59
Q

what is the result of stimulated vagus nerve?

A

reduce heart rate
reduce force of contractions
NO PAIN sensation

60
Q

where does the phrenic nerve arise form?

A

cervical region (4th mainly) via somatic afferent fibres

61
Q

what is the result of phrenic nerve being stimulated?

A

motor and sensory innervation to diaphragm

62
Q

how much blood does the heart receive to itself?

A

250ml/ min

63
Q

when does the heart receive blood during coronary circulation?

A

blood is delivered to myocardium during ventricular relaxation - valves are shut

64
Q

what does the left coronary artery bifurcate into?

A

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex

65
Q

describe the route of the LCA?

A

straight down the front and around the edge of top of heart

66
Q

what does the right coronary artery bifurcate into?

A

posterior interventricular artery and marginal artery

67
Q

describe the route of RCA?

A

straight down the back and down the edge on the bottom

68
Q

where does the LCA supply?

A

most of LA, LV, septum, AV bundle and branches

69
Q

where does RCA originate?

A

right aortic sinus of ascending aorta

70
Q

what does RCA supply?

A

RA, RV and AV nodes

71
Q

what are coronary artery paired with?

A

veins for drainage

72
Q

where does great, middle and small cardiac veins drain to?

A

coronary sinus and empties into RA

73
Q

where does anterior cardiac veins drain?

A

directly to RA

74
Q

what is meant by anastomosis?

A

connections between vessels - ensures supply

75
Q

what is the great cardiac vein paired to?

A

anterior interventricular artery

76
Q

what is the small cardiac vein paired to?

A

marginal artery

77
Q

what is the middle cardiac vein paired with?

A

posterior interventricular artery

78
Q

what is paired with circumflex?

A

coronary sinus

79
Q

what does a angiography do?

A

visualises patency of coronary vessels

80
Q

what can occur if there are blockages within the coronary circulation

A

fatal - heart tissue is deprived of oxygen and nutrients

81
Q

how is effective heart contraction managed?

A

coordination by cardiac conduction

82
Q

what makes up the cardiac conducting system?

A

non contractile cells that initiate electrical impulses
1. SAN
2. AVN
3. AV bundle/ bundle of His
4. right and left branches
5. purkinje fibres

83
Q

how is foetal circulation different to adults?

A

oxygen and nutrients are received from filtered blood from placenta via umbilical cord and can bypass lungs

84
Q

Does blood bypass lungs in foetal circulation?

A

majority of it does

85
Q

what is the foramen ovale?

A

a connection between right and left atria

86
Q

what is the purpose of the foramen ovale?

A

bypass RV and pulmonary system

87
Q

where is the ductus aterious?

A

connects pulmoary trunk to aorta

88
Q

what is the function of ductus arterious?

A

bypass left side of heart and pulmonary system

89
Q

where is the ductus venous?

A

connects umbilical cord to inferior VC

90
Q

what is the function of ductus venous?

A

bypass the liver - blood as already been filtered by mother

91
Q

what occurs at birth affecting foramen ovale?

A
  1. newborn takes first breath
  2. LA pressure increases
  3. foramen ovale closes
  4. fossa ovalis is formed
92
Q

what happens to ductus arterious at birth?

A
  1. newborn takes first breath
  2. lungs expand
  3. blood rushes to pulmonary circulation
  4. O2 levels rise
  5. constricts ductus arterious
  6. forms ligamentum venosum
93
Q

what happens to ductus venous?

A
  1. newbron takes first breath
  2. umbilical cord tied
  3. umbilical vessels close
  4. ductus venous fibroses
  5. forms ligamentum venosum
94
Q

where is fossa ovalis seen?

A

clear depression in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum

95
Q

how many lymph nodes are there within the body?

A

500-600 nodes

96
Q

how does lymph move round the body?

A

movement forced through in lymphatic system - moves round during times of skeletal contraction

97
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

body’s defence mechanism
provide mechanism for interstitial fluid - prevents oedema

98
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid that baths cells.

99
Q

how does the fluid move in and out of the capillaries?

A

fluid moves out of arterial end taking nutrients and O2. fluid moves from interstitial space back to capillary at venous end.

100
Q

at the arterial end of the capillaries, how much interstitial fluid leaves daily?

A

20L

101
Q

how much interstitial fluid comes back into capillaries from venule end?

A

17L daily is reabsorbed

102
Q

where are the lymph vessels located?

A

every tissue except CNS, bone marrow, cornea of eye and teeth

103
Q

what is interstitial fluid named inside the capillary?

A

plasma

104
Q

what is the function of capillary blood pressure?

A

pushes fluid out into interstitial
usually 10.5-22.5 mmHg
pressure decreases with progression

105
Q

what is the function of colloid osmotic pressure?

A

pulls fluid back into capillary, bring wastes, gases (reabsorption)
BCOP due to plasma proteins - albumin
remains relatively constant

106
Q

how much lymph fluid is reabsorbed back into capillaries?

A

85%

107
Q

what is lymphedema?

A

inappropriate accumulation of interstitial fluid

108
Q

how much fluid does lymphatic capillaries pick up?

A

15% - prevents oedema

109
Q

what is the drainage pathway of lymph vessels?

A

lymphatic capillaries - lymphatic vessels - lymph nodes - lymph trunks - thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

110
Q

how does lymph nodes link to cancer?

A

lymph nodes filter lymph - collect anything that should not be there - collects cancerous cells - can see if cancer has metasized

111
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

drains lymph from right side of head, thorax, right upper limb and goes right subclavian vein

112
Q

what are the layers of the blood vessels?

A

LIMA
lumen, tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Cardiovascular (14 decks)

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