Lecture 4 Study Guide

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

The naming and classifying of organisms

Question 2

Systematics

Answer 2

Classifications of organisms based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics)

Question 3

Phylogeny

Answer 3

A hypothesis about patterns of evolutionary relationships

Question 4

Phylogenetics

Answer 4

The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationship

Question 5

Operational taxonomic units (OTUs)

Answer 5

Terminal branch points indicating taxa, this could be a gene, organism, population, species, or species group

Question 6

Branch

Answer 6

In the context of evolutionary trees, a branch depicts change over time leading from a bifurcation(node) to another bifurication or OTU

Question 7

Node

Answer 7

Bifurcation point in an evolutionary tree that represents a speiation event

Question 8

Characters

Answer 8

Traits of an organism (like basepairs or number of toes)

Question 9

Outgroup

Answer 9

a more distantly related organism (or OTU) that serves to root a tree

Question 10

Derived character state

Answer 10

A character state shared by a group of OTUs that is not the ancestral state

Question 11

Synapomorphy

Answer 11

shared derived character state

Question 12

Homoplasy

Answer 12

Independent evolution of similar traits may result from convergent evolution or an evolutionary reversal

Question 13

Evolutionary reversal

Answer 13

return to an earlier character state (stick insects lost there wings)

Question 14

Rapid diversification

Answer 14

3 or more species arising durring a short period of time

Question 15

Incomplete lineage sorting

Answer 15

Occurs when ancestral gene copies fail to coalesce into a common ancestral copy until deeper than previous speciation events

Question 16

Adaptive radiation

Answer 16

Evolution of a group into a wide variety of species each adapted to specialized conditions

Question 17

Introgression

Answer 17

movement of genes from one species or population into another by hybridization, backcrossing, or horizontal gene transfer

Question 18

Monophyletic group

Answer 18

represents a single evolutionary group containing the ancestor and all its descendants

Question 19

Paraphyletic group

Answer 19

represents a group with some, but not all, of the descendants of an ancestor

Question 20

Polyphyletic group

Answer 20

represents a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor