Test 1 Ch. 1-4

Question 1

looking at past philosophers (ie. socrates)

Answer 1

EXTENSIONAL

Question 2

what do philosophers study

Answer 2

1. logic
2. metaphysics
3. epistemology
4. Philosophy of religion
5. Ethics
6. Political Philosophy

Question 3

what were socrates teachings ?

Answer 3

1. the unexamined life not worth living
2. the most important task in life is caring for the soul
3. a good person cannot be harmed by others

Question 4

Allegory of the cave

Answer 4

• most famous allegory in western history
• 3 chained slaves can only see shadows

Question 5

deals with what makes right action right and what gives moral claims their authority.. God? Reason? Intuition?

Answer 5

METAETHICS

Question 6

provide principles of right/good action

Answer 6

NORMATIVE ETHICAL THEORIES

Question 7

applies ethical theories to specific topics (i.e. bio-medical field)

Answer 7

APPLIED ETHICS

Question 8

(normative) makes some sort of judgement (should or ought)

Answer 8

EVALUATIVE CLAIM

Question 9

(descriptive) state a fact

Answer 9

NON-EVALUATIVE CLAIM

Question 10

2 bases of moral evaluation

Answer 10

relativis and universalism

Question 11

no objective right and wrong, only different perceptions of what is right and wrong. REJECT Moral Relatvitism in ethics!

Answer 11

RELATIVISM

Question 12

assumes that there are better and worse answers about what is right and wrong and that these answers are accessible to anyone

Answer 12

MORAL UNIVERSALISM

Question 13

actions are right insofar as they produce benefits/good consequences (aim to benefit)

Answer 13

BENEFICENCE

Question 14

actions are wrong insofar that they produce bad consequences (aim to avoid harm)

Answer 14

NON-MALEFICENCE

Question 15

deontological (duty-based) ethical theory, evaluates the moral rightness of actions in terms of duty; doing our duty for the right reason is what matters

Answer 15

KANTANISM

Question 16

“We go to war and opress over what we think of each other and ourselves”

Answer 16

SIMON BLACKBURN

Question 17

what is valuable in and of itself; what a good life consist of.

Answer 17

VALUE THEORY

Question 18

looks for the supreme principles of right action

Answer 18

NORMATIVE ETHICS

Question 19

Asks questions about the fundamental status of moral claims

Answer 19

METAETHICS

Question 20

What are the four areas of moral philosophy

Answer 20

• value theory
• normative ethics
• metaethics
• moral problems

Question 21

moral actions respect nature

Answer 21

natural law theory

Question 22

produce the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of years

Answer 22

UTILITARIANISM

Question 23

What famous philosopher believed in virtue ethics

Answer 23

ARISTOTLE

Question 24

virtues at center stage, we can understand the nature of right action only by first understanding the virtues

Answer 24

VIRTUE ETHICS

Question 25

David Hume believed morality ____ be objective

Answer 25

CANNOT

Question 26

What are Gilbert Harman's 2 hypothesis

Answer 26

- moral beliefs impress themselves on us - moral views are the product of social influence

Question 27

Believed in Cultural relativism, our deepest commitments reject relativism

Answer 27

MARY MIDGLEY

Question 28

Philosophers try to clarify our ordinary concepts that we usually take for granted. The essence of a thing not a definition

Answer 28

CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION

Question 29

describe the meaning that a word already has in a language

Answer 29

ANALYTICAL DEFINITIONS

Question 30

How a speaker intends yo use a certain word phrase or symbol (ex. heavy truck)

Answer 30

STIPULATIVE DEFINTION

Question 31

Perfect tendencies of though implicate in old usage offering more insight into the subject matter being treated

Answer 31

REVELATORY THEORY

Question 32

Menos attempts

Answer 32

1st. there is a virtue for every action and every age/task/individual 2nd. virtue is "to be able to rule over people" 3rd. justice is virtue 4th. virtue is to desire beautiful things and have the power to acquire them

Question 33

any distinction we make between right and wrong, good and bad, virtue and vice.

Answer 33

MORAL JUDGMENT

Question 34

Who said "moral judgments are not produced by reason"

Answer 34

DAVID HUME

Question 35

Humes 4 arguments

Answer 35

1. the motivation argument 2. the representation argument 3. you cant see morality 4. you cannot interfere and "ought" with an "is"

Question 36

Who said " our moral judgments are not supported by any good arguments"

Answer 36

DAVID HUME

Question 37

Most philosophers never define right answers but often, ___ ____ ___ with their ___

Answer 37

Eliminate wrong answers; dialog

Question 38

If something is the conclusion of an argument, then it has a truth value. Emotions choices and actions are not the conclusions of an argument and therefore have no truth value

Answer 38

THE REPRESENTATION ARGUMENT

Question 39

a group of statements in which one or more statements (premise) are presented to provide supporting evidence

Answer 39

ARGUMENT

Question 40

is a sentence with true value that is a sentence which is either true or false

Answer 40

STATEMENT

Question 41

Studies and evaluates the inferential relations between the premises and conclusion of an argument

Answer 41

LOGIC

Question 42

Therefore, thus, so, must have been, hence, consequently, it follows that

Answer 42

CONCLUSION WORDS

Question 43

because, since, for, given that, assuming that, for the reason that, as shown by

Answer 43

PREMISE WORDS

Question 44

The study of what we should aspire to in our live, and of how we should live, is called ____ philosophy or ____.

Answer 44

Moral , ethics

Question 45

The area of moral philosophy that tries to determine what is valuable in and of itself, or what a good life consists in, is called ___ ____.

Answer 45

value theory

Question 46

The branch of philosophy which tries to identify the supreme principle(s) of right action is called ______ _______.

Answer 46

normative ethics

Question 47

The part of ethics that asks about whether there are any genuine moral truths, what they are, and how we know them, is called _______.

Answer 47

metaethics

Question 48

The last section of our book is devoted to a variety of ________ _______.

Answer 48

moral problems

Question 49

The kind of philosophy that is represented in the last section of the book is commonly called ____ ______.

Answer 49

applied ethics

Question 50

Utilitarianism is a position in

Answer 50

Normative Ethics

Question 51

Which philosopher makes the following argument? “If moral claims were objectively true, then we should be able to discover our moral duty just by thinking hard about it. But no amount of reasoning can show us our moral duty. Therefore morality cannot be objective.”

Answer 51

David Hume

Question 52

Which philosopher argues that all of us are committed to the position that morality is objective?

Answer 52

David Enoch

Question 53

The philosopher in our book who will argue against cultural relativism is ____ ______.

Answer 53

Mary Midgley

Question 54

The view that one ought to respect other cultures but not judge them.

Answer 54

Moral isolationism

Question 55

Enoch thinks that you are a moral

Answer 55

objectivist/realist