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MD1S2: Physiology 202 > Lung volumes and capacities > Flashcards

Lung volumes and capacities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the purposes of lung function tests?

A

Assessing health of the respiratory system
Measuring the efficacy of breathing mechanisms
Assisting diagnosis of respiratory diseases
Monitoring the progress of pulmonary diseases
Measuring the effectiveness of treatment

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2
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

Records lung volumes and capacities

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3
Q

What are the static lung function tests?

A

Tests measuring the functioning of the lungs which are not related to time
* Tidal volume (TV)
* Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
* Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
* Residual volume (RV)
* Inspiratory capacity (IC)
* Vital capacity (VC)
* Functional residual capacity (FRC)
* Total lung capacity (TLC)

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4
Q

What are the dynamic lung function tests?

A

Related to time
* Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
* Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
* Respiratory Minute Volume (MV)
* Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)

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5
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inspired/expired during normal respiration
TV = 500ml

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6
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of air maximally inspired by forced inspiration after a normal inspiration
IRV = 3000ml

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7
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of air maximally expired from the end of normal expiration
ERV = 1100ml

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8
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration
RV = 1200ml

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9
Q

How is residual volume measured?

A

Helium dilution method

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10
Q

What factors increase the residual volume?

A

Old age and emphysema

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11
Q

What are lung capacities?

A

Two or more volumes

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12
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired by forced inspiration after a normal expiration
IC = TV + IRV = 3500ml

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13
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air maximally expired from the lungs following a maximum inspiration
VC = TV + IRV + ERV = 4600ml

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14
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal expiration
FRC = RV + ERV = 2300ml

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15
Q

Significance of FRC?

A

Helps continuous exchange of gases across the lungs and blood between breaths

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16
Q

When is FRC increased?

A

Obstructive lung disease

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17
Q

When is FRC decreased?

A

Pathological: Restrictive lung diseases, ascites
Physiological: Supine position, obesity, pregnancy

18
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Volume of air in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV = 6000ml

19
Q

What factors affect TLC?

A

20-30% less in females
Lower in asthmatics
Lower in old age people
Greater in large, athletic people

20
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

Amount of air which can be exhaled after maximally inhaling
FVC = 3-5L
Normally can be exhaled in <3 seconds but is increased in obstructive conditions

21
Q

What is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?

A

Forced vital capacity in the first second

22
Q

How is FEV1% calculated?

A

FEV1% = FEV1/FVC x 100

23
Q

Normal FEV1%

A

No less than 80% FVC

24
Q

What can FEV1 be an indicator of?

A

Obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disease

25
Q

What effect does obstructive pulmonary disease have on dynamic lung function tests?

A

FEV1 is reduced
FVC is normal or decreased

26
Q

What are some examples of obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A

Asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema

27
Q

What effects do restrictive pulmonary diseases have on dynamic lung function tests?

A

FVC is reduced

28
Q

What are some examples of restrictive lung diseases?

A

Lung fibrosis and pulmonary edema

29
Q

What is forced expiratory flow?

A

Measures the expiratory flow during the middle half of FVC (25-75% of FVC)
Measured in L/sec

30
Q

What is the normal value of FEF?

A

Not less than 50% of FVC

31
Q

What factors may affect FEF?

A

Sex, height and mass

32
Q

What can FEF be used to measure?

A

Obstructive small airway disease

33
Q

What is expiratory flow rate/peak expiratory flow rate?

A

Maximum flow rate generated during forceful expiration

34
Q

How is expiratory flow rate measured

A

Peak flow meter - subject expires maximally into flow meter through the mouth and the value is expressed for 1 minute

35
Q

Normal value of expiratory flow

A

Adult male - 600-800 L/min
Adult female - 450 - 600 L/min

36
Q

What is decreased PEFR an indicator of?

A

Airflow obstruction in large airways, e.g. asthma

37
Q

What is minute respiratory volume?

A

Amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute

38
Q

How is minute respiratory volume calculated?

A

Minute respiratory volume = Tidal volume x respiratory rate per minute
= 500 x 12
= 6 L/min

39
Q

What is maximum voluntary ventilation?

A

Maximum amount of air inspired or expired within a minute
Done over 15 second time period

40
Q

What is the normal value of MVV?

A

Male: 140-180 L/min
Female: 80-120 L/min

41
Q

Summary of how obstructive and restrictive lung disorders affect spirometry results?

A

MD1S2: Physiology 202 (20 decks)

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