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2019 Germany Key Topic 2 > 13, 14 and 15 Controlling the People 1918-89 > Flashcards

13, 14 and 15 Controlling the People 1918-89 Flashcards

1
Q

What caused problems for Weimar whilst controlling extremist groups?

A

Conditions at the time and the fact they were setting up a liberal democracy.

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2
Q

How did Weimar come to power?

A

Through a revolution thus, people wanted a revolutionary government.

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3
Q

What types of opponents did Weimar have?

A

Being a theoretical democracy it had left-wing opponents - Weimar not radical enough and right-wing opponents - not strong or authoritative to lead Germany back to it’s old system

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4
Q

How did Weimar open itself to criticism?

A

By giving people freedom of speech and assembly; and gave freedom to press to print whatever they want.

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5
Q

What highlighted Weimar’s position as uncertain?

A

Government forced to leave Berlin and spend its frist days in Weimar during the Spartacist uprising.

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6
Q

What did the government need to do secure their position?

A

Provide stabilty and to show it had support through reforming the army (Reichswehr), the civil service, education system and the judiciary. Rein in revolutionary ideas.

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7
Q

As Weimar was not strong enough to do either what did Ebert result in doing?

A

Ebert realised the government would not be strong without support. Thus, he offered the army and the trade unions concessions for their support.

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8
Q

What pact did Ebert agree with the leader of the army on 10 November 1918?

A

Eber-Groener Pact

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9
Q

What did Ebert and leader of army agree on?

A

Support for the government as long as it opposed left-wing ideas of the parties in the Reichstag.

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10
Q

What agreements were made on 15 November 1918?

A

Ebert made Stinnes-Legien Agreement with Carl Legien (leader of labour union) and Hugo Stinnes (industrialist).

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11
Q

What did Ebert offer for their support?

A

Legislation on hours of work and on adequate union representation.

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12
Q

Example of reigonal disruption.

A

Thuringia did not hold elections until late june 1920 - added to uncertainty and meant in places such as Bavaria and Saxony it was possible for communits to set up their own government.

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13
Q

How did the Weimar government respond?

A

They used the army and Freikorps to restore order in these places using Reichsexekucution.

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14
Q

What was Reichsexekucution?

A

A takeover by the federal government and the army until the Weimar constitution and the Weimar system of government could be back in place.

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15
Q

Who did the government rely on to manage extremist threats?

A

The army.

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16
Q

Why did Reichswehr and the judiciary have different reactions to extremists?

A

It depended if the extremist were a left-wing group or a right-wing group.

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17
Q

What was the reaction to left-wing problems?

A

Left wing problems were dealt with quickly and brutally by the army and those brought to court were sentenced harshly. Making left-wingers more angry.

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18
Q

what was the reaction to right-wing problems?

A

The army sometimes did not act against right-wing groups at all e.g. Kapp Putsch. The judiciary were less harsh on right-wingers who came to trial e.g. Munich Putsch. Making right-winger confident.

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19
Q

What happened when Hindenburg became president?

A

Chancellor changed rapidly and economy went into a depression - making right-wing opponents increasingly confident that people wanted a strong right-wing government, not Weimar.

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20
Q

Who did people vote?

A

People eventually voted for the Nazis to gain a foothold in government and rapidly replace the democratic Weimar government.

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21
Q

Why did the Nazis use censorship and repression?

A

To create a situation where ordinary people were too scared to oppose the Nazis.

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22
Q

What was the Decree of protection of the people and state made on 28 February 1933?

A

It allowed the Nazis to ban publications and also suspend civil rights. Therefore, the Nazis could search homes andworkplaces and take people into ‘protective study’.

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23
Q

Who was minister of propaganda?

A

Goebells.

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24
Q

When did Goebells tell controllers of Germany radio that radio stations served the government?

A

25 March 1933.

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25
Q

How was the content of radio programmes controlled?

A

Radio stations had to express Nazi ideology and follow government instruction about what to broadcast.

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26
Q

How were radio staff effected by the Nazi censorship?

A

Purged to get rid of Jews, half-Jews and people married to Jews also people who belonged to the communist KPD or the socialist SPD.

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27
Q

Did Germany have more newsapapers than the USA?

A

Yes, national and reigonal newspapers also printed for cities and towns.

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28
Q

What did the decree Hitler issued on 4 October 1933 do?

A

1) It made the content of any paper the responsibiliy of the editor and made it a crime for the editor to publish anything that might weaken the Third Riech, at home or abroad, or harm the German economy, culture or people. 2) It established a Riech Association to compile a list of ‘accredited’ journalists. (Many journalists those with jewish connections and who were ‘poitically unsuitable’ did not make the list.

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29
Q

What was the difference since 1932 in newspaper statistics?

A

1932 - 59 newspapers and over 780,000 readers. 1933 - 86 newspapers and over 3 millions readers.

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30
Q

What did the state-owned press agency set up in Decemmber 1933 do?

A

It issued detailed list of stories that were not to be reported, ranging from the arrests of certain people to not publishing photos of Nazi leaders sitting at tables with bottles of alcohol on them.

31
Q

How did the state-owned agency contol news stories?

A

All newspapers were expected to pick up their news stories with guidelines on how to report the stories from the agency.

32
Q

How did Nazi repression affect other parties?

A

It banned all political parties but the Nazi party. The repression made forming a political party a crime.

33
Q

What happened to those commiting crime?

A

The Nazis set up series of concentration camps to hold political camps.

34
Q

How many non-Jewish people were sent to concentration camps for political crimes 1933-45?

A

500,000 non-Jewish people.

35
Q

Where was the first concentration camp opened in 1933?

A

Oranienburg in Prussia.

36
Q

Did the Nazis have their own security systems alongside the police and judicial system? List them.

A

Yes. Gestapo, SS, The People’s Court and Nazi Party Officials.

37
Q

Who were the secret police?

A

Gestapo.

38
Q

When was Gestapo set up and by who?

A

April 1933 by Hermann Goering.

39
Q

What did Gestapo do?

A

They had to weed out enemies of the state and people could be arrested by Gestapo for anything such as: plotting to kill Hitler to telling jokes about the Nazis.

40
Q

Did Gestapo wear uniforn?

A

No, they believed it encouraged people to think that any stranger they met might be a member so people will be very careful about what they say.

41
Q

Who were the SS?

A

SS began as Hitler’s bodyguards of 240 men. It was a political police and after removing most of SA in1934, ren the concentration camps.

42
Q

What happened as members of the SS increased?

A

By 1936 about 240,000 SS were in charge of Gestapo with their own economic branch to run labour and concentation camps.

43
Q

What court was specifically introduced to try people accused of being traitors to the Third Riech?

A

The People’s Court.

44
Q

Where was The People’s Court set up and when?

A

Berlin, 1934.

45
Q

How many member did The People’s Court have?

A

2 judges and 5 other members chosen from Nazi Party, the SS and the armed forces.

46
Q

Were the trials in The People’s Court held publicly?

A

No, and it was not possible to appeal against te verdict.

47
Q

How many peole had passed through The People’s Court by 1945?

A

10,000 of people.

48
Q

What did the Nazi Party Officials do?

A

Those who ran region or indiviual apartment blocks watched for the smalllest violation of the Nazi rules.

49
Q

How were the lives of people under Nazi Party Officials?

A

People listen do banned music with volumes down low and their ears against radios. Conversations edged round and round and rarely strayed into political matters. People found it hard to talk about dissident views due to being reported to the Gestapo by anyone.

50
Q

What was the extremity of the terrorist groups in 1970s linked to?

A

Government responses to protests.

51
Q

Did the public feel sympathy for the Baeder-Meinhof Gang?

A

Yes, thus, government actions against the extremists did not always get a positive reaction - governments lack of success.

52
Q

What wing were the terrorist groups in 1970s?

A

Left-wing.

53
Q

Who were the two groups intorduced that were entitled to investigate suspicions working against the Basic Law?

A

BfV (set up 1950) and BND (set up 1956).

54
Q

What did the BfV do?

A

Only worked inside Germany and reported to minister of the interior.

55
Q

What did the BND do?

A

Reportes only to the chancellor and conducted investigations abroad as well as Gernany,

56
Q

What weren’t both organisations allowed to do?

A

Forbidden to open mail, search homes or monitor phone calls.

57
Q

What years did the govenrment try to introduce laws wich gave BND wider power for arrests and detentions in ‘moments of political tension’?

A

1960, 1962 and 1965.

58
Q

When did the Emergency Law finally pass?

A

1968

59
Q

Why did it pass?

A

Due to protests by sutdents, unions and other groups became more violent.

60
Q

What effect did the law have?

A

Led to a drop in the number of open protests and significant number of arrests.

61
Q

What was the consequence of the law?

A

Some people decided underground, violent opposition (terrorism) was the only way.

62
Q

What did the Emergency Law allow?

A

Allowed police activity that could track down terrorists even though they kept on the move.

63
Q

How did it become more successful?

A

After the inroduction of BEFA - a system that gave the BND centralised access to all poolice info in FRG.

64
Q

Did terrorist activity decrease by the end of 1970s?

A

Yes - could be seen as succcess for the government, but government actions encouraged the rise of terrorism in the first place.

65
Q

After the shooting of the Israeli atheletes in Munich Olympics,1972, what was set up in Germany to act agaisnt terrorism?

A

Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG-9) - a special operations unit.

66
Q

Why did it have close links with Britush SAS and US Army’s Delta Force, which trained for similar missions?

A

As GSG-9 operated worlwide.

67
Q

What did the GSG-9 do?

A

17 October 1977- a team rescued hostages on a plane that had been hijacked on its way to Frankfurt and ended up in Mogadishu, Somalia. Also it took par in ssome arrests of the Baeder-Meinhof members.

68
Q

Who was the employment ban in 1949 aimed at?

A

Aimed at specified political parties that might pose a threat to democracy inclusding KPD and parties with similar aims at Nazis.

69
Q

Did it have an effect?

A

As it was rarely applied less than 20 people lost their jobs between1950-72, but it was impossible to tell how many people were unemployed because of political views.

70
Q

What did Adenauer eventually do for the unemploymed ex-Nazis?

A

He passed Article 131 in May 1951 - to allow employment of ex-Nazis in the civil service.

71
Q

Was the employment ban still in place?

A

Yes and was occaionally used.

72
Q

Why did the government introduce the Anti-Radical Decree in January 1972?

A

Because of the rise in extremist protests from universities.

73
Q

What did the Anti-Radical Decree do?

A

It allowed political scrutinization of everyone applying for a state job, from teachers to possible civil servants.

2019 Germany Key Topic 2 (2 decks)

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