Chapter 7

Question 1

What are out-groups?

Answer 1

Groups the people do not belong to

Question 2

What are in-groups?

Answer 2

Groups that people belong to

Question 3

What are the two things membership is based on?

Answer 3

Reciprocity and Transitivity

Question 4

What is Group Membership

Answer 4

The sense of belonging to a group (in-group) or not belonging to a group (out-group). People tend to prefer social connections and form groups that can be advantageous.

Question 5

Reciprocity

Answer 5

The principle of reciprocity suggests that people tend to respond in kind to others. It means that if one person helps another, the other person feels obligated to return the favor.

Question 6

Transitivity

Answer 6

A concept related to balance theory that suggests that if person A has a positive relationship with person B, and person B has a positive relationship with person C, then person A should also have a positive relationship with person C.

Question 7

Prejudice

Answer 7

An attitude or negative belief about an entire group of people based on their membership in that group. Prejudice can lead to discrimination, where individuals behave negatively towards members of the group based on their prejudice.

Question 8

Discrimination

Answer 8

Behaviors that result from prejudice, such as treating people unfairly based on their membership in a particular group.

Question 9

Out-group homogeneity bias

Answer 9

A tendency to perceive individuals who belong to an out-group as being more similar to each other than members of one’s own in-group.

Question 10

In-group favoritism

Answer 10

A tendency to show preference for members of one’s own in-group and to discriminate against members of out-groups.

Question 11

Realistic Conflict Theory

Answer 11

A theory that suggests that competition between groups for limited resources leads to prejudice and discrimination.

Question 12

Social Identity Theory

Answer 12

A theory that suggests that people derive part of their self-concept from the groups they belong to and that prejudice stems from a need to enhance self-esteem.

Question 13

Stereotype

Answer 13

A cognitive schema or generalization about a group of people based on their membership in that group.

Question 14

Subtyping

Answer 14

A cognitive process where people explain away members of an out-group who do not fit the stereotype by creating a subcategory for them.

Question 15

Implicit Bias Test

Answer 15

A test that measures attitudes or stereotypes that operate unconsciously.

Question 16

Shooter Bias Effect

Answer 16

A phenomenon where participants are more likely to shoot an unarmed Black person than an unarmed White person, indicating a potential racial bias.

Question 17

Stereotype Threat

Answer 17

The experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their group.

Question 18

Attribution

Answer 18

The process of making judgments about the causes of behavior and outcomes.

Question 19

Personal Attribution

Answer 19

An attribution that attributes behavior to a person’s internal characteristics.

Question 20

Situational Attribution

Answer 20

An attribution that attributes behavior to external factors, such as the environment or circumstances.

Question 21

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 21

The tendency to overestimate the role of personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors in explaining behavior.

Question 22

Nonverbal Behavior

Answer 22

Communication without words, including facial expressions, gestures, and body language.

Question 23

Affiliation

Answer 23

The desire to be connected to others in social relationships.

Question 24

Social Comparison

Answer 24

The process of comparing oneself to others in order to evaluate one’s own abilities, opinions, or emotions.

Question 25

Initial Attraction

Answer 25

The process of forming an impression of someone that leads to a desire to approach or avoid them.

Question 26

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 26

A phenomenon where people tend to develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them.

Question 27

Physical Attraction

Answer 27

The degree to which people find others’ physical appearance appealing.

Question 28

Triangular Theory of Love

Answer 28

A theory that defines love as having three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Consummate love is defined as the presence of all three components, while empty love is defined as the presence of only commitment.

Question 29

Social Loafing

Answer 29

The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone, often due to a diffusion of responsibility and feeling less accountable for individual contributions.

Question 30

Group Polarization

Answer 30

The phenomenon where the opinions and attitudes of a group become more extreme after discussion, even if individual members held more moderate views before the discussion.

Question 31

Groupthink

Answer 31

A mode of thinking that occurs when a group of people prioritize group consensus over individual critical thinking and creativity, often leading to poor decision-making.

Question 32

Conformity

Answer 32

Adjusting behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs to align with a group standard. This can occur due to informational social influence (the desire to be correct) or normative social influence (the desire to fit in).

Question 33

Obedience

Answer 33

Compliance with an authority figure’s orders or requests, often leading to actions that go against personal beliefs or values.

Question 34

Compliance Techniques

Answer 34

Strategies used to influence people to comply with a request, such as the norm of reciprocity, the foot-in-the-door technique (small request leading to a larger request), and the door-in-the-face technique (large request leading to a smaller request).

Question 35

Attitudes

Answer 35

Positive or negative evaluative reactions to a person, event, idea, or concept, which can influence behavior. Attitudes are formed through experience, socialization, and self-perception.

Question 36

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 36

The discomfort or mental stress caused by holding two or more contradictory beliefs or values. This can be resolved by changing beliefs or behavior to align with each other.

Question 37

Persuasion

Answer 37

The process of attempting to change someone’s attitudes or behaviors through communication, which includes a message, a communicator, and an audience.

Question 38

Social Influence

Answer 38

The effects of the presence or actions of others on our behavior, attitudes, or beliefs. This can include conformity, obedience, or persuasion.

Question 39

Eusocial

Answer 39

A term used to describe social species, such as bees and ants, that live in large groups, exhibit cooperative care, and have multiple generations and division of labor.

Question 40

Aggression

Answer 40

Any behavior that is intended to harm another person. Aggression can be influenced by environmental factors, such as frustration, negative emotions, and crowding, as well as genetic and cultural factors.

Question 41

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 41

Actions that benefit others or society, such as volunteering or donating to charity. Prosocial behavior can be influenced by social learning, cultural norms, and personal characteristics such as empathy and a sense of social responsibility.

Question 42

Informational social influence

Answer 42

The desire to be correct

Question 43

Normative social influence

Answer 43

The desire to fit in

Question 44

Which neurotransmitter is involved when you are very angry?

Answer 44

Serotonin

Question 45

Romantic love

Answer 45

Intimacy + passion

Question 46

Companionate love

Answer 46

Caring, commitment, supporting

Question 47

Passionate love

Answer 47

Intense, sexual