Minerals

Question 1

What are minerals?

Answer 1

inorganic elements required as nutrients
-macro vs micro
-vary in quantities

Question 2

What are the functions of calcium?

Answer 2

-second messenger
-enzyme activation
-bone mineralization

Question 3

What happens when an animal is calcium deficiency?

Answer 3

impaired nerve and muscle function

Question 4

What are the functions of phosphorus?

Answer 4

-bone mineralization
-oxidative phosphorylation
-acid base buffer
-DNA and RNA

Question 5

What happens when an animal is phosphorus deficiency?

Answer 5

common where soil levels of P are low
-pica
- Ca:P ratio = 2:1 required for most species

Question 6

What causes Rickets?

Answer 6

deficiency of Ca, P, or vitamin D
-spongy poor mineralized bone

Question 7

What is rickets called in adults?

Answer 7

osteomalacia

Question 8

What are the functions of magnesium?

Answer 8

-anion charge neutralization
-cellular energy metabolism
-ion channels
-second messenger

Question 9

What happens when an animal is deficient in magnesium?

Answer 9

-grass tetany
-convulsions
-muscle twitching

Question 10

What are the electrolytes?

Answer 10

Sodium, potassium, chloride

Question 11

What are the functions of the electrolytes?

Answer 11

-nutrient transport
-membrane potentials
-extracellular fluid volume

Question 12

What happens when an animal is deficient in electrolytes?

Answer 12

-irregular heart beat
-vomiting
diarrhea

Question 13

What is the function of iodine

Answer 13

thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 14

Idodine deficincy

Answer 14

goiter

Question 15

What are the functions of selenium?

Answer 15

Selenoproteins
-gluthathione peroxidases
-deiodinases
-selenoprotein P
-selenoprotein W

Question 16

What mineral has issues with toxicity and deficiency?

Answer 16

Selenium

Question 17

Selenium toxicity

Answer 17

blind staggers, abnormal hoof and hair growth

Question 18

Selenium deficiency

Answer 18

white muscle disease, liver necrosis

Question 19

What is stored bound to ferritin, transported bound to transferrin

Answer 19

Iron

Question 20

What are the functions of Iron?

Answer 20

-heme proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalase)
-proteins with iron sulfur centers (aconitase)

Question 21

What are the functions of zinc?

Answer 21

-Zn metalloenzymes
-zinc finger proteins
-lymphocytes

Question 22

What happens with zinc deficiency?

Answer 22

-decreased growth
-dermatitis

Question 23

What are the functions of copper?

Answer 23

-Cu Metalloenzymes
-Neutrophils and T lymphocytes
-Iron metabolism
-bone and vascular

Question 24

What is ceruloplasmin?

Answer 24

allows for iron to bind to transferrin

Question 25

What happens with copper deficiency?

Answer 25

-anemia
-hair depigmentation
-reduced growth
-ataxia

Question 26

What are the functions of Manganese?

Answer 26

-Mn metalloenzymes
-cartilage formation

Question 27

What happens with manganese deficiency?

Answer 27

-defective bone formation
-perosis in poultry (slipped tendon)

Question 28

Zinc, Copper, Manganese

Answer 28

Superoxide dismutases
-catalyze reaction of free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide
-glutathione peroxidase and catalyze reactions to convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Question 29

Sulfur

Answer 29

required for microbial synthesis of sulfur amino acids in rumen

Question 30

What happens with sulfur deficiency?

Answer 30

reduced weight gain, poor wool growth