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RAD 372 - Anatomy > NEW SHIT > Flashcards

NEW SHIT Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Pencil-thin xray beam w 1 detector is ____
a. 1st generation
b. 2nd generation

A

A

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2
Q

Fan shaped beam with 30+ detectors is ___
a. 1st generation
b. 2nd generation

A

B

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3
Q

1st generation has approx. ____ per slice

2nd generation has approx.____ per slice

A

5min

15s

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4
Q

which CT generations has 180 degree rotation

A

1st

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5
Q

which CT generations has tube rotate 360 with 960 detectors

A

3rd

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6
Q

which generation has continuous rotation with “fixed ring” and 4800+ detectors

A

4th

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7
Q

4th generation has entire exam done in ____ min

A

1

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of volume scanning

A

helical/spiral
multislice

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9
Q

which type of Volume CT has slip ring allowing tube to continuously rotate

A

helical/spiral

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10
Q

CT numbers determine ___

A

degree of attenuation for each voxel

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11
Q

originally CT numbers are called ___

A

Hounsfield Units

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12
Q

the baseline for CT numbers is ___ with a number value of __

A

water
0

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13
Q

Dense cortical bone has a CT number of ____
It appears as ___

A

+1000
WHITE

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14
Q

Air has a CT number of ____
It appears as ____

A

-1000
BLACK

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15
Q

highly attenuated = ___
a. white
b. black

A

A

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16
Q

Least attenuation to most attenuation

(water, air, lung, fat)

A

air –> lung –> fat –> water

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17
Q

put the following in increase in CT number

(white matter, gray matter, CSF, blood, muscle, cortical bone )

A

CSF –> blood –> Gray matter –> white matter –> muscle –> cortical bone

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18
Q

(CT) contrast is injected through ___ (3)

A

IV
oral
rectal

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19
Q

unit to measure strength of magnetic field

A

tesla

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20
Q

strength of MRI magnet is ___

A

1.5-3+T

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21
Q

what is the type of magnet used?

A

superconductive

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22
Q

how is energy is captured and converted in MRI?

A

interact with H atom –> atoms align –> RF sent in at spinning frequency –> RF turned off and atoms relax –> relax atoms released energy

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23
Q

T1 fluid is ___
T2 fluid is ___

A

DARK
BRIGHT

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24
Q

how to turn off magnet

A

Quench
-rapidly warm liquid cryogens to gas

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25
what does bone densitometry assess?
bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD)
26
Bone densitometry specifically assess which skeletal disorder
osteoporosis
27
what is osteoporosis
low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue - susceptible to fracture
28
what is DXA
dual energy xray absorptiometry
29
what does DXA measure
amount of bone in soft tissue
30
the BMD of young normal population of same sex and ethnic background is calculated with ___ - score
T
31
the BMD of population of same sex and age is calculated with ___ - score
Z
32
which scoring is more common a. T b. C
A
33
normal T-score is___ a. no less than -1.0 b. less than -1.0
A
34
What is osteopenia ?
low bone mass/ density
35
low bone mass/ density has a T score of __
less than -1.0 but greater than -2.5
36
Osteoporosis has a T-score of ____ a. -2.5 or less b. -2.5 or more
A
37
reduction in amount of bone mass has a T-score of ____
-2.5 or less (osteoporosis)
38
what is the physical basis of DXA
use high and low xray energy beam, to determine the areal mass of tissue
39
Radiation therapy is for ____ rather than ____
treatment diagnosis
40
what does radiation therapy use to treat cancer
ionizing radiation (xray, gamma, particulate radiation)
41
2 primary mechanisms to deliver radiation are ___
external beam brachytherapy
42
what does external linear accelerator produce?
high energy xray beam
43
what does external beam use to kill disease cells?
high energy xray beam
44
what does brachytherapy use to kill disease tissue
sealed radioactive isotopes
45
Placing sealed radioactive isotopes in tissue allow _____
high dose of radiation given directly to diseased tissue
46
for breast cancer, men has ____ mortality and ___ incidence
low high
47
for breast cancer, women has ___ mortality, and ____ incidence
high low
48
common cause of breast cancer in men
increase in estrogen levels
49
who regulated mammography
MQSA
50
what can help lower risk of breast cancer
early pregnancy early menopause breast feeding early removal of uterus
51
what increase risk of breast cancer
birth control alcohol smoking fatty diet
52
each breast consists of ___ lobes
15-20
53
what is the circular, darker pigmented area surrounding the nipple called
areola
54
which glands is within areola
Montgomery glands
55
what does Montgomery glands do
keep nipple lubricated and protected, especially when nursing
56
where is inframammary fold
inferior to chest wall
57
Where is axillary tail
superiolateral aspect
58
axillary tail wraps around which muscle
pectoral muscle
59
superior portion of breast is at___
1-2nd rib
60
inferior portion of breast is at___
6-7th rib
61
medial portion of breast is at __
sternum
62
lateral portion of breast is at ___
mid axillary line at junction of latissinus dorsi
63
what kind of tissues are within retrommamry space
fibrous
64
where is retromammary space
in front of pectoralis muscle
65
central portion of breast primarily comprised of which tissues a. glandular b. fatty c. adipose d. fibrous
glandular
66
which tissues surround the glandular tissues?
adipose and fibrous
67
what is function of mammary gland
secretion of milk
68
what is the reservoir for milk called
ampulla
69
process of milk secretion
glandular stimulated --> alveoli --> ducts --> ampulla ->
70
what are the 6 reasons we do breast compression
1. decrease breast thickness 2. bring breast closer to IR 3. decrease dose and scatter 4. decrease motion & increase sharpness 5. increase contrast 6. hold breast away from chest wall
71
what are the 2 standard positioning for breast
CC (craniocaudal) MLO (mediolateral oblique)
72
(CC) how to determine IR height
90 degree chest wall angle
73
what should be seen when CC is done
pectoral muscle
74
CR angled for MLO
45-50 and enter medially
75
IR placement for MLO
raised to height of axillary
76
placement of photocell in CC a. under glandular tissue b. anterior third of breast
A
77
placement of photocell in MLO a. under glandular tissue b. anterior third of breast
B
78
if lateral and medial are left out in CC, what alternative position to do
XCCL or XCCM

RAD 372 - Anatomy (6 decks)

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