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Modern Britain Y1 > 1:3 Social developments - Content > Flashcards

1:3 Social developments - Content Flashcards

1
Q

Even though many women worked during WW2, many of them did what in the 1950s?

A

They returned to traditional homemaker roles

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2
Q

What % of women were married?

A

75%

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3
Q

What was the average age at which a woman got married?

A

21

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4
Q

What were the main things a woman spent her time doing?

A

Looking after children, cleaning, cooking, shopping and doing laundry

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5
Q

Why were women deterred from working, especially when they got married and had children?

A

It was believed that working mothers would be detrimental to the development of their children

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6
Q

Why was family allowance paid to women?

A

To ensure that the woman did not need to work

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7
Q

Why did trade unions tend not to support women?

A

They believed this would lower wages

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8
Q

When was equal pay for teachers introduced?

A

1952

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9
Q

Women’s lives in the home were improved by…

A

new labour-saving devices

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10
Q

Between 1957-59, the number of households owning a washing machine rose by…

A

54%

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11
Q

The booming economy encouraged higher levels of…

A

immigration

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12
Q

In which two areas was there a lack of jobs?

A

Transport and nursing

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13
Q

What 3 places made up the New Commonwealth?

A

The West Indies, India and Pakistan

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14
Q

The people living in the New Commonwealth were…

A

encouraged to come to Britain to fill these jobs

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15
Q

What was the ‘Empire Windrush’?

A

The ship that sailed from Kingston, Jamaica to London in May 1948

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16
Q

How many immigrants did Empire Windrush carry?

A

492

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17
Q

By 1958, how many Commonwealth immigrants had settled in Britain?

A

Approx. 210,000

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18
Q

Why were 75% of the immigrants men?

A

They were working to support family back in their home country

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19
Q

Where did the majority of Commonwealth immigrants come from?

A

The West Indies

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20
Q

In the 1960s, how many people came to live in Britain in total?

A

Approx. 1.25 million people

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21
Q

However, many people emigrated out of Britain to what 2 places?

A

Australia and North America

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22
Q

Australia was keen to attract immigrants and so offered…

A

assistance with travel, jobs and housing

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23
Q

In the 1950s, how many Britons migrated abroad?

A

Approx. 1.32 million

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24
Q

In the 1960s, how many Britons migrated abroad?

A

1.92 million

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25
Q

Many people welcomed the immigrants, and immigration had many economic benefits as…

A

immigrants filled many low-wage jobs

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26
Q

However, immigration led to…

A

social tensions

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27
Q

When were the race riots in Nottingham?

A

1958

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28
Q

When were the race riots in Notting Hill, London?

A

1958

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29
Q

Who was the leader of British fascism?

A

Oswald Mosley

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30
Q

How did Oswald Mosley attempt to become MP for Notting Hill at the 1959 general election?

A

He took advantage of the race riots and based his campaign on repatriation (returning an immigrant to their home country)

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31
Q

What were men’s average weekly wages in 1951?

A

£8.30

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32
Q

What were men’s average weekly wages in 1961?

A

£15.35

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33
Q

There were massive increases in…

A

private savings

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34
Q

What helped farmers to do very well economically in this period?

A

The continuation of generous state subsidies

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35
Q

When did food rationing end completely?

A

1954

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36
Q

Easy access to cheap mortgages led to…

A

an increase in homeownership

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37
Q

However, in the 1950s, there were still more people living in…

A

council houses and rented accommodation than private homeowners

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38
Q

What kind of society was Britain in 1951?

A

Deferential and conformist, with an ingrained respect for authority

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39
Q

Were class loyalties strong?

A

Yes

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40
Q

What % of working-class voters voted for Labour in 1951?

A

65%

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41
Q

What % of middle-class voters voted Conservative in 1951?

A

80%

42
Q

What was the most obvious sign of the new affluence?

A

The increase in ownership of consumer goods, such as televisions, washing machines, refrigerators and new furniture bought on hire purchase

43
Q

By 1960, how many television sets were in use?

A

10 million

44
Q

People also had more time and money to develop hobbies such as…

A

DIY and gardening, and television programmes began to reflect these interests

45
Q

Between 1957-59, car ownership rose by…

A

25%

46
Q

Why did holiday camps reach their peak of popularity in the 1950s?

A

People had paid time off work and enough disposable income to be able to afford to go on holiday

47
Q

How many people holidayed each week with Butlins?

A

60,000 people

48
Q

What enabled people to access more consumer goods?

A

Hire purchase

49
Q

New consumer goods included…

A

fridges, cars and new furniture

50
Q

Slums from the war-years were cleared and replaced with…

A

new towns, such as Harlow in Essex and Kirkby in Liverpool

51
Q

Macmillan’s house-building programme created…

A

more affordable houses and replaced those damaged in the war

52
Q

What made housewives’ lives easier?

A

New household gadgets which assisted with washing, shopping and cooking

53
Q

Advertising became more prevalent, especially when…

A

ITV was launched in 1955

54
Q

The boom in car ownership encouraged…

A

infrastructure improvement, such as the building of motorways

55
Q

How and when did the building of motorways begin?

A

With the construction of the Preston bypass in 1958

56
Q

Overall, access to cars, increased prosperity and shorter working weeks opened up new….

A

leisure, work and holiday opportunities

57
Q

The members of the establishment all came from…

A

the same kinds of backgrounds and attended the same schools and universities

58
Q

The establishment dominated all…

A

sectors of society - politics, business, law, media, the Church and the army

59
Q

Why did the Suez Crisis lead to a decline in deference to the establishment?

A

Upon finding out that the government had lied, trust in politicians was weakened

60
Q

Debates over issues like nuclear disarmament led to…

A

people challenging set ideas by the establishment

61
Q

The behaviour of members of the establishment tainted their reputation, for example,

A

the Profumo affair, who lied to Parliament and was forced to resign in disgrace

62
Q

There was a satire boom of media which…

A

ridiculed leading figures of society; the establishment

63
Q

Give 3 examples of satire which ridiculed the establishment.

A

> Beyond the Fringe
Private Eye
That Was The Week That Wa

64
Q

A number of academic studies argued that…

A

Britain’s class-ridden society and lack of social mobility had blocked talent.

65
Q

Give an example of one of these academic studies and when it was published?

A

Snow, in 1959

66
Q

Who were the ‘angry young men’?

A

A group of male writers who used their plays and books to attack established attitudes and sought to more accurately portray contemporary life

67
Q

Why might the new household appliances have had a negative impact on women?

A

They left them feeling more unfulfilled by their limited lives

68
Q

How did the government encourage women to stay at home as housewives?

A

They paid Family Allowance to the mother for any children after their first

69
Q

Some middle-class women benefitted from…

A

equal pay being introduced for female teachers and women in the civil service

70
Q

When was equal pay in the civil service introduced?

A

1954

71
Q

What was the main factor that encouraged immigration?

A

Britain’s booming economy

72
Q

How did the government respond to growing unrest over immigration?

A

They passed the Commonwealth Immigrants Act in 1962

73
Q

What did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 do?

A

It limited the number of immigrants allowed to come to Britain

74
Q

How did the booming economy allow for the creation of youth culture and the emergence of the teenager?

A

Full employment and rising wages meant that young people had disposable income to spend on luxuries for themselves

75
Q

What helped to create the teenage image?

A

Advertising

76
Q

Give an example of technological change which allowed for distinct youth cultures to develop?

A

The transistor radio

77
Q

What gave young men more freedom?

A

The end of national service in 1960

78
Q

What gave young women more freedom?

A

Labour-saving household devices

79
Q

How did the baby-boom give teenagers more influence?

A

This was a larger generation due to the baby boom, and so they had more influence

80
Q

Who were the Teddy Boys?

A

A youth subculture known for their long coats, narrow trousers, and Edwardian style

81
Q

What was the concern over the Teddy Boys?

A

They were linked to juvenile delinquency and rising crime

82
Q

Who were the Rockers?

A

A youth subculture known for their leather clothes and heavy motorcycles

83
Q

Who were the Mods?

A

A youth subculture known for their smart suits, scooters, and ‘sophisticated’ pop music

84
Q

There was rivalry between the Rockers and the Mods, which led to…

A

incidents like the riots in Clacton, Margate and Brighton, which created moral panic

85
Q

Social development led to more liberal…

A

social attitudes

86
Q

The new social attitudes were reflected in…

A

popular media and culture

87
Q

What was Sapphire and when was it released?

A

A film from 1959, depicting violence, sex and racial tension

88
Q

What was Victim and when was it released?

A

A film from 1961, depicting homosexuality

89
Q

Why did these changing attitudes cause some tension?

A

There was some backlash against this new media as it was seen as immoral.

90
Q

Who was the most famous campaigner against the shift in social attitudes?

A

Mary Whitehouse, who began her ‘moral crusade’ in 1963

91
Q

When did Mary Whitehouse set up the Clean Up TV Campaign?

A

1964

92
Q

When did Mary Whitehouse set up the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association?

A

1965

93
Q

When was the Censorship Reform?

A

1955

94
Q

What did the Censorship Reform of 1955 do?

A

It allowed previously banned content, such as sex, violence, drugs and adultery

95
Q

What was the shift in post-war culture?

A

People felt more united and wanted to enjoy themselves and celebrate, since they were unsure of whether they would live long (Cold War fears)

96
Q

Since children no longer needed to work, they could…

A

go on to further education after 15, and attend university

97
Q

How many teenagers were there in 1959?

A

5 million

98
Q

Parents could give pocket money to teenagers, so they bought…

A

records and fashion, helping to create their own culture

99
Q

When was Macmillan’s ‘wind of change’ speech?

A

1960

100
Q

What did the ‘winds of change’ speech accept?

A

That the days of the Empire were gone and many colonies wanted to be independent

Modern Britain Y1 (12 decks)

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