Research Methods: Experimental Designs - Independent Groups, Repeated Measures, Matched Pairs - KR Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by an independent groups design?

A

participants only take part in one condition

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2
Q

Which experimental design has different participants in each condition?

A

independent groups design

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3
Q

How is an independent groups design conducted?

A

Split your group of participants into equal sized groups then allocate one group to each condition

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4
Q

What is meant by order effects?

A

When participants complete more than one condition and may become bored/ tired in the second condition or better at the second task. therefore affecting the internal validity

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5
Q

What is a strength of participants completing only 1 condition

A

no order effects

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6
Q

What is the key term for participants becoming bored/ tired or better in the second condition?

A

Order effects

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7
Q

Why are there no order effects in independent groups design?

A

Participants only take part in one condition so will not get bored/tired or better in the second condition.

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8
Q

Aside from order effects what is an alternative strength to using independent groups design?

A

Can be used when repeated measures is inappropriate

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9
Q

Why can independent groups be used when repeated measures is inappropriate?

A

when conducting a quasi experiment i.e. gender differences

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10
Q

What type of validity improves when order effects are avoided?

A

internal validity

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11
Q

Why does the internal validity of a study increase when order effects are eliminated?

A

Because the results aren’t being affected so we are measuring what we said we would.

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12
Q

What is meant by individual difference?

A

Characteristics of participants that may affect the results

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13
Q

What is a weakness of using an independent groups design?

A

individual differences

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14
Q

Which experimental designs are affected by individual differences?

A

independent groups and matched pairs

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15
Q

Which experimental design is affected by order effects?

A

repeated measures

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16
Q

Why is independent groups design negatively affected by individual differences?

A

There are separate groups of ppts so ppts may have characteristics in one condition tht affect the DV

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17
Q

Give an example of an individual difference that would affect a memory study

A

better/ worse memory

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18
Q

Why are individual differences an issue when using an independent groups design

A

it lowers the internal validity of research

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19
Q

What is meant by repeated measures design?

A

participants take part in all conditions

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20
Q

Which experimental design do participants take part in all conditions?

A

repeated measures design

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21
Q

How is a repeated measures design conducted?

A

Participants complete one condition, then after a time lapse (1hr) they complete the second condition.

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22
Q

What needs to be done to the DV in a repeated measures design to make sure we have internal validity?

A

the task (DV) should be different but matched on the same difficulty or measuring the same thing as the previous task.

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23
Q

What are the two strengths of using a repeated measures design?

A

individual differences are removed and requires fewer participant

24
Q

Why are individual differences removed in a repeated measures design?

A

the same participants take part in all conditions

25
Q

Individual differences and repeated measures: As participants take part in all the conditions, what can researchers be sure of?

A

the researcher can be sure that any changes to the DV are of the result of the IV

26
Q

Why does repeated measures require fewer participants?

A

All participants take part in all conditions.

27
Q

Why is it a strength of repeated measures that it requires fewer participants?

A

Less time and money is spent in sampling and allocation of participants.

28
Q

Why will order effects be present in a repeated measures design?

A

participants complete all conditions so therefore may perform worse in the second condition due to boredom or due to practice

29
Q

In order effects, which condition is going to be affected by boredom or practice?

A

the second condition

30
Q

Aside from order effects, what is another weakness of using a repeated measures design?

A

Demand characteristics

31
Q

What is a demand characteristics?

A

When participants change there behaviour to help or hinder the researcher

32
Q

Why would participants be able to change your behaviour to help or hinder the researcher

A

Participants are able to pick up on clues given off by the study of the aim of the research

33
Q

Why are demand characteristics an issue in a repeated measures design?

A

it lowers the internal validity of research

34
Q

Why does demand characteristics lower the internal validity of research?

A

We are no longer measuring the effect of the IV on the DV but the changed behaviour

35
Q

What is a matched pairs design?

A

Participants are matched on important characteristics in a study

36
Q

What experimental design do researchers pre-test participants?

A

Matched pairs

37
Q

How are participants allocated once they have been paired from the pre test

A

randomly allocated

38
Q

How is a matched pairs design conducted?

A

choose a variable, pre test, match, randomly allocate

39
Q

What are the two strengths of matched pairs design

A

reduces individual differences and no order effects

40
Q

Why does matched pairs have no order effects?

A

participants are randomly allocated to ONE condition

41
Q

Why is a matched pairs design time consuming?

A

Researchers have to pretest before allocation of conditions

42
Q

Why is the fact that a matched pairs design is time consuming a weakness?

A

the researcher would need a large pool of people to select and because the process is lengthy more time and money is spent before the test has begun.

43
Q

What experimental design is being used and justify your answer?

A

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (10 ppts have to learn a list of words in the same room and 10 ppts have to learn a list of words in a different room)

44
Q

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

A

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (drinking red bull vs not drinking red bull)

45
Q

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

A

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (learning a list of words with or without pictures)

46
Q

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

A

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (with or without music)

47
Q

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

A

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (waiters who gave eye contact vs waiters who gave no eye contact)

48
Q

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

A

Repeated measures, participants take part in all conditions (rating of interaction before and after language therapy)

49
Q

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

A

repeated measures, participants take part in all conditions (watching a horror film and watching a romance film)

50
Q

What has been done to this study to control the effects of repeated measures

A

counter balancing

51
Q

What is meant by counterbalancing?

A

changing the sequences of conditions for some participants

52
Q

What is meant by ABBA?

A

one half of the participants complete condition A then B, the other half complete condition B then A

53
Q

How is counterbalancing conducted?

A

one half of the participants complete condition A then B, the other half complete condition B then A

54
Q

Why is counterbalancing used?

A

to reduce order effects?

55
Q

Why does counterbalancing reduce order effects but doesn’t remove order effects?

A

because participants are still completing all conditions so order effects is spread amongst the conditions

56
Q

What experimental design has been used and justify your answer?

A

repeated measures, participants take part in all conditions (before and after the prison conditions changed)

57
Q

What experimental design has been used and justify your answer?

A

Repeated measures, participants take part in all conditions (before and after aversion therapy)