DNA and protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA?

A

Prokaryotic: Shorter, circular, aren’t associated with proteins

Eukaryotic: Longer, linear, associated with proteins called histones which form chromosomes

Mitochondria/chloroplasts: Contain DNA which is like the DNA of prokaryotes

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2
Q

Gene definition

A

DNA base sequence that codes for polypeptides or a functional RNA

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3
Q

Allele definition

A

An alternative form of a gene

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4
Q

What are sections of non-coding DNA called?

A

Introns

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5
Q

What is the triplet code?

A

3 DNA bases (triplet) code for 1 amino acid

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6
Q

Degenerate definition

A

Most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet

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7
Q

Non-overlapping definition

A

Each base is only read once

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8
Q

Universal definition

A

Each triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms

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9
Q

Genome definition

A

All the DNA in a cell

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10
Q

Proteome definition

A

The whole range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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11
Q

What is the difference between mRNA and tRNA?

A

mRNA: Linear shape, has codons

tRNA: Clover leaf shape, has anticodons

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12
Q

What does tRNA contain?

A

Anticodons, amino acid binding site

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13
Q

What does transcription do?

A

DNA –> mRNA

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14
Q

What are the 4 steps of transcription?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds between 2 strands are broken so DNA strands separate
  2. 2 strands used as template strands
  3. Complementary free RNA nucleotides join with exposed DNA bases via base pairing on template strand
  4. RNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides via phosphodiester bonds
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15
Q

What does splicing do?

A

*Removes introns from pre-mRNA so mRNA molecule only has coding regions
*mRNA passes out of the nucleus via a nuclear pore and goes to a ribosome
*Doesn’t occur in prokaryotes

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16
Q

What does translation do?

A

mRNA –> polypeptide

17
Q

What are the 9 steps of translation?

A
  1. mRNA attaches to ribosome
  2. Ribosome moves to bind to a start codon
  3. tRNA carrying specific amino acid binds to first codon on mRNA via complementary base pairing with its anticodon
  4. Second tRNA does the same with the second codon
  5. Enzymes join amino acids together forming a peptide bond using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP
  6. Ribosome moves along mRNA to next codon
  7. tRNA lost from the first codon to collect another of the same amino acid
  8. Process repeats until stop codon is reached
  9. Polypeptide is released