Landforms Flashcards

1
Q

what river landforms are caused by erosion?

A

-waterfalls and gorges
-interlocking spurs

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2
Q

where are waterfalls and gorges found?

A

in the upper course

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3
Q

how are waterfalls and gorges formed?

A

•softer rock is eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion more than the layer of harder rock over it
•the water erodes the softer rock further undercutting the hard rock and creating a waterfall
•over time the hard rock becomes unsupported and collapses due to erosion. The collapsed rock swirls around the foot of the water fall eroding softer rock by abrasion creating a plunge pool
•Overtime, the waterfall retreats leaving behind a gorge

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4
Q

What are interlocking spurs?

A

A series of ridges projecting out on alternate sides of a valley and around which a river winds its course.

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5
Q

how are interlocking spurs formed?

A

•vertical erosion occurs in the upper course creating a v shaped valley
•the river isn’t powerful enough to erode laterally so it winds around hills made of resistant rock
•this creates an interlocking spur

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6
Q

where are interlocking spurs found?

A

in the upper course of a river where rocks are hard

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7
Q

what are rapids?

A

fast flowing sections of river where the gradient is quite steep and water is turbulent

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8
Q

how are rapids formed?

A

they are formed from ridges of harder rock amongst soft rock

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9
Q

where are rapids found?

A

the upper course

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10
Q

What river landforms are caused by deposition and erosion?

A

meanders and oxbow lakes

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11
Q

where are meanders and oxbow lakes found?

A

the middle course

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12
Q

how are meanders formed?

A

•fast flowing water in the outside bends wear the river away and overtime undercuts the bank
•the river deposits its load of mud and shingle on the inside bend where the river flows slowly
•the outside bend continues to cut into the bank resulting in the river bending more

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13
Q

What does the cross section of a meander look like?

A
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14
Q

how are oxbow lakes formed?

A

•the fast flow of water on the outside bend results in erosion
•the outside bends move closer together and the meander neck becomes more narrow
•when there is a high discharge the river cuts across the neck and takes a straight course leaving an oxbow lake

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15
Q

What landforms are caused by deposition?

A

-floodplains
-levees
-estuaries

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16
Q

what are levees?

A

raised embankments at the side of the river channel that occur when a river is prone to flooding

17
Q

how are levees formed?

A

•when a river bursts at it’s banks friction with land reduces energy causing deposition of heavy sediment close to the river. The sediment becomes progressively smaller further from he channel
•after every flood the banks are built up higher on the side of the river forming levees

18
Q

where are levees found?

A

lower course

19
Q

what are floodplains?

A

a large area of flat land either side of a river that is prone to flooding

20
Q

where are floodplains found?

A

middle and lower course

21
Q

how are floodplains formed?

A

•they are formed meanders migrate across due to lateral erosion
•when they reach the edge of the floodplain they erode the valley side creating a buff

22
Q

what are estuaries?

A

a tidal part if the river where fresh water migrates with salt water from sea

23
Q

how are estuaries formed?

A

•they are formed as the tide reached its highest point where water moves slow and sediment is deposited
•overtime more and more builds up creating large areas of mudflats snd muddy banks are exposed

24
Q

where are estuaries found?

A

at the mouth of the river on the lower course

25
Q

What landfrorms can be found along the river tees

A

-High Force is a waterfall found in Forest-in-Teesdale
-There are meanders in Darlington where the lower course of the river is