Consolidation And Expansion In Africa 1890-1914 (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What was the role and influence of Joseph Chamberlin?

A

• He turned down both the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary Job in order to become the Colonial Secretary in the Conservative led coalition between 1895 and 1903
• He believed that effective use of the Empire could sustain British prosperity and prestige
• He believed that the imperial bonds needed reinforcing if the Empire was to be preserved and Britain maintain its status as a world power
• Chamberlain summoned and chaired two further colonial conference (after the failure of the first 1887) in 1897 and 1902 At these he proposed an imperial defence and customs union for the self-governing white colonies but these ideas were both rejected
• He conducted a campaign of tariff reform and for imperial preference. A tariff reform league was set p which distributed leaflets and played messages in public meetings
• He believed imperial preference would benefit Britain and reduce unemployment
• He was a strong advocate for ‘colonial development’ and promoted government investment in the less profitable areas of Empire both to promote and out of feeling it was an imperial duty
• ‘I believe that the British race is the greatest of the governing races that the world has ever seen’
• When the Boer war broke out in 1899, Chamberlain was viewed as a national hero, something which faded as the war dragged on
• He initiated the building of the Ugandan Railway, sanctioned the conquest and annexation of Ashantiland and, in 1900, supervised the acquisition of the territory of Royal Niger Company
• His idea of colonial preference split the conservative party and in 1906 he also failed to persuade the public meaning the liberals won a majority
• He resigned in 1903
• Shortly after, Chamberlain suffered a stroke and his political career was over

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2
Q

What was the role and influence of Cecil Rhodes?

A

• Prime Minister of Cape Colony in 1890
• Driven by a strong conviction that British civilisation and control was key to the betterment of the world
• Using his vast fortune, political power and control of the Cape newspapers, Rhodes impressed upon audience at home and abroad the right and duty of Britons to dominate Africa and beyond
• In 1890, he sent settlers to establish Fort Salisbury in Matabeleland, opening up the territories that from c1899 were to be known as the Rhodesias in his honour
• One of Rhodes’ projects to outflank the Boer Republic of the Transvaal and the Germans in the rush to Central Africa, was the railway line north from the Cape through Bechuanaland. He hoped it would eventually reach the Nile to ensure British domination of all east-central Africa. This dream of Cape to Chiro was blocked by the German occupation of East Africa from 1891 and never completed
• He resigned after the Jameson Raid in 1896 and dies 6 years later
• He made a great fortune out of enterprises and his funds helped promoted Empire after his death e.g. In his publicity work of the Round Table, an imperial pressure group established in 1910 by a like-minded ally of Rhodes – Alfred Milner

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3
Q

Who was Viceroy Curzon?

A

• Lord Salisbury appointed him as Viceroy of India in 1899
• He travelled around the world, exploring and producing several books, most notable of Russia and Persia
• Concern about Russian expansion led him to create the North West frontier province in 1901 and dispatch military expedition into Tibet
• He believed in a moral imperial and took great pride in representing Britain and its imperial mission

• He established both commissions and legislation to improve India’s administration and agriculture – making provisions for famine relief and irrigation projects
• He oversaw the re-arming of native regiments, the expansion of provincial police, the promotion of scientific and medical education and the construction of a further 6000 miles of railway track to consolidate British control of India
• He founded the Imperial Cadet Corps to give Indian nobles a military role and the prospect of officer commissions
• He lavished hospitality and rewards on its members at his elaborate Delhi durbar of 1903, both this and his costly restoration of the Taj Mahal were his way of honouring colonial India
• He was wary of giving Indians too much responsibility and he had a low opinion of their abilities
• In his own province, an Indian lacked an Englishman’s authority and outside his province this would be even harder
• Curzon refused to appointed more to senior posts for fear that they were unequal to emergencies and ‘rather inclined to abdicate or to run away’
• He believed dividing the troublesome province of Bengal in 1905 would weaken the Raj’s internal enemies. Instead partition backfired and Curzon resigned the same year

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4
Q

Who was Evelyn Baring?

A

Consul-General in Egypt between 1883-1907
• Saw himself as a moral reformer, he was certain that Christian values should be base of Empire
• He believed the long occupation of Egypt was essential and he established a new guiding principle – the ‘Granville Doctrine’ (named after the Foreign Secretary at the time) which allowed Baring to dismiss Egyptian minister who refused to accept British directives
• He placed British officials in key ministries and created the vailed protectorate in which British officials held the actual power
• Baring thus effectively controlled Egypt until 1907, the arrangement worked well for the first 10 years of British control because Tewfik died in 1892 and was succeeded by Abbas Hilmi II, who wanted to throw off British rule and encouraged the nationalist movement
• Baring regarded Egypt as something of a battleground between ‘civilised’ Christianity and Islam, which he viewed as a set of outdated Arabia customs that were detrimental to modern Egypt
• Baring was particularly concerned with the Islamic society’s acceptance of slavery, its antiquated justice system and its treatment of women
• Baring’s moral mission both echoed and informed public opinion in Britain
• He took action to: stop the slave supply into Egypt; discourage slave ownership in Egypt; abolish forced labour; outlaw punishment by the Kurbash; halt the import of hashish by establishment of Camel Corps to patrol Egypt’s boarders; regulate alcohol sale licenses; regulate alcohol sale licenses; close gambling houses and stop local money-lending and extortion by establishing the National Bank and Post Office Savings Bank
• He was forced to resign after the Denshawai Incident in 1906
• Parliament awarded Baring £50 000 in 1907 in recognition of his services in Egypt
• Baring returned to Britain and devoted himself to preventing women’s political rights as President of the Men’s League for Opposing Women’s Sufferance
• He published a 2-volume set of books ‘Modern Egypt’ in 1908, narrating the events in Egypt and the Sudan since 1876. In 1910, he published ‘Ancient and Modern Imperialism’ – a comparison of the British and Roman Empires

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5
Q

Who was Alfred Milner?

A

• An administrator who served in Egypt (1899-92) and as chairman of the Board of Inland Reverence (1892-7)
• An ardent imperialist
• Chamberlain picked him to become Britain’s High Commissioner for Southern Africa from 1897
• He was convinced of British superiority over Boers and Afrikarns
• When Kruger was re-elected as President of the Transvaal in February 1898, Milner thought the only way out of troubles in SA was reform in the Transvaal or war- he took Britain into the Boer War

• He founded a series of a English-Speaking ‘Milner Schools’ in Pretoria and Johannesburg
• Milner demanded full citizenship rights for Uitlanders after 5 years of residence – by the time of the
Bloemfontein Conference (may-June 1899) he had already decided to use force to get his way- it was actually
Kruger, however, who declared war in October 1899
• When Britain annexed territories in the Orange Free State & the Transvaal in 1901, he left his port as Governor
of the Cape and took over the Cape and took over the administration of these areas
• He negotiated the Peace of Vereening alongside Kitchener
• He was made a baron (1901) and Viscount (1902) for his services
• After the war, he and a group of young administrators and lawyers (known as Milner’s Kindergarten) worked
to resettle the Boers & promote economic growth, particularly in the gold mining industry
• He hoped to attract British settlers and introduced a vigorous English language education program
• However, more British left than arrived during the depression in the period after the war
• Milner and the British government decided to use Chinese labourers (coolies) on 3 year contracts to make up
for the shortfall of workers in the mines. The first group arrived in 1904
• Public opinion in Britain was soon outraged to learn that there were being poorly treated and even flogged in
breach of the law
• In March 1906, there was a move to censure Milner, but this backfired and produced a counter-campaign, let
by Sir Bartle Frere, which expressed high appreciation of Milner’s services in SA
• The issue of the Chinese coolies partly contributed to the Conservative election defeated in January 1906 and
the Liberal government rejected Milner’s plans for the future of the Transvaal
• He reigned from SA and returned to England when he wrote ‘The Nation and the Empire’ in 1913

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6
Q

What was Orientalism?

A

-The Palestinian literary and cultural theorist Edward Said first identified the concept of Orientalism in his book of the same name published in 1978
-Orientalism describes the way in which Western European societies perceived societies in North Africa and Asia (the so called ‘East’ or orient), particularly those they had colonised
-Said points out that often Western ‘knowledge’ about the East was not based on reality, but rather on a series of preconceived stereotypes that saw all ‘Eastern’ societies as fundamentally similar to each other and dissimilar to ‘Western’ ones
-Some of these stereotypes about ‘oriental’ societies include the idea that they were static and unchanging rather than progressing, romantic and superstitious rather than rational, lazy rather than unindustrious, and sensual rather than civilised
-Evelyn Baring’s books on Egypt provide a clear example of this way of thinking

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7
Q

What were the causes of the second Boer war?

A

-Political factors
-Economic factors
-Social factors
-Influences of individuals

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8
Q

What political factors were a cause of the second Boer war?

A

o The Uitlanders were effectively denied the vote, despite the fact they paid taxes. Over 50 000 Britons were excluded from political rights despite the fact Boers who lived in Cape Colony were granted their political rights
o At the Bloemfontein Conference of May-June 1899, Milner demanded the Transvaal granted voting rights to the Uitlanders – Kruger refused
o Despite half-hearted attempts to compromise, both sides began mobilising troops
o In October 1899, Kruger issues an ultimatum, demanding a British withdrawal from the border of the Boer republic- war broke out when the British stood firm

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9
Q

What economic factors were a cause of the second Boer war?

A

o The Transvaal’s prestige and power had grown with the discovery of gold on the Rand in 18886
o It had extended its control over Swaziland by establishing its independent rail networks
o Both Rhodes and Chamberlain were worried that British dominance in South Africa was under threat and launched the Jamerson Raid in 1895
o High tariffs imposed by the Boers also irritated Rhodes and limited trade

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10
Q

What social factors were a cause of the second Boer war?

A

o Kruger’s success in securing a 4th term as the Transvaal president in 1898 reflected the Boer’s strong nationalist sentiment and resentment of British interference
o An English man, Tom Edgar was shot by a Transvaal policeman in December 1898 which prompted Uitlander outrage and pressure on the British government from the Uitlanders for firm action

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11
Q

Why was the influence of individuals a cause of the second Boer war?

A

o Cecil Rhodes, the Prime Minister of Cape Colony 1890-96, had an overriding aim in South Africa to bring the Boer republics into a South African Federation
o Rhodes and Kruger were very hostile towards each other
o Chamberlain also supported the federation ideas
o Milner, the South African High Commissioner from 1897 encouraged the British to pursue a vigorous policy

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12
Q

What were the consequences of the second Boer war?

A

• The eventual victory in 1902 came at a cost
• Kitchener deployed a ‘scorched earth’ policy which involved incinerating Boer farms and livestock
• Boer families and black Africans were placed in concentration camps and endured horrendous conditions there. Many perished as a result of malnutrition and disease
• By the end of the war, about 11500 people were living in these camps and many more had died in them
• The camps were not intended to cause deaths – it was more a result of contemporary medical/sanitation ignorance
• More than 16 000 British soldiers were also killed by disease, nearly 3x as many that had died from enemy action
• Humanitarians, left-wing liberals, and socialists thought the use of these camps was barbaric
• The war highlighted the shortcomings of the British army. It had been anticipated to last 3/4 months, to involve
75 000 troops and cost no more than £10m. Instead, it lasted the best part of 3 years, involved 400 000 troops and cost £230m. It also saw 22 000 British deaths, to just 6000 Boer troops
• It showed the vulnerability of Britain’s imperial control and perhaps made it more aware of its inability to inflict its will on other people without a cost
• Britain had had to call on troops from other parts of the Empire (mainly India) to maintain the fight and the danger of leaving other dependencies with adequate armed back up was grave
• In South Africa, the British had not been able to rely on their long-vaunted sea power
• The war’s short-comings dictated the drive for national efficiency and dampened the jingoism that had characterised the 1890s. Thereafter only conservatives still spoke out politically for imperialism
• It also prompted the Boers to develop a more distinctive ‘Afrikaner’ culture
• The Treaty of Vereening of May 1902 granted the Boers £3m compensation to restore their farms
• Milner also worked to integrate the economies of the British and Boer colonies, bringing them into a single customs union and amalgamating their railway systems
• The Transvaal was granted self-government in 1906, the Orange River Colony in 1907. However, in 1910 the parliaments of the Cape Colony, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony, as well as the people of Natal, agreed on the establishment of the Union of South Africa, as an independent Dominion within the British Empire
• However, this constitution allowed the states to retain their own voting policies: a compromise that was to store up trouble for the future

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13
Q

What was the British approach to Africa in the 1880s?

A

• The Empire was largely bases for strategic or trading purposes
• Occasionally they responded to other powers – matching settlements by the French/Germans
• Private chartered companies were used to occupy and administrate territory
• The approach was generally cautious but there had been some direct intervention e.g. in Egypt and South Africa

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14
Q

How and why did the British approach to Africa change from 1890?

A

• Imperial attitudes within Britain had changed and people were more supportive of formal intervention, largely due to the attitude of the press
• The conservatives, ‘party of Empire’, were elected in 1895 and were determined to uphold Britain’s position in every part of the world. This led to wars, threats of wars and ambitious programmes to uphold Empire
• British protectorates were expanded in order to provide security to pre-existing ports, markets or resources
• New territories were taken to limit the advance of other European powers
• The Berlin Conference (1885-5) had established the ground rules of colonisation – as long as you bcould show ‘effective occupation’ (i.e. admin and defense) of African territories then it could be claimed as a formal colony
• Only 10% of land remained outside European control 20 years after the conference
• Chartered companies proved increasingly inefficient and were no a cost effective was of
administrating/expanding British interests. Formal control was seen as a better way to protect/develop British interests

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15
Q

Where did the British expand in West Africa?

A

-Gold coast
-Nigeria

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16
Q

Why did Britain expand to the Gold Coast?

A

Britain was tired of skirmishes with the Ashanti tribe bordering the colony. They demanded that King Prempeh turned over his empire to a British Protectorate. He refused which led to the Anglo-Ashanti War. Britain conquered Ashantiland in 1896 and it became incorporated into the Gold Coast colony. This removed the indigenous threat to British trade and it checked French interests in the region

17
Q

Reasons for British expansion in Nigeria?

A

The Royal Niger Company ruled in the region, they established their claim by virtue of occupation and agreement with the French in 1890 (Britain recognised France’s influence in Madagascar). This ended any French interest in the area. The British government took direct control from the RNC because pre-existing trade could continue more sustainably without it, in the North in 1900 and the South in 1906. It reunited as a colony in 1914.

18
Q

Reasons for British expansion in British east Africa (Kenya)

A

it was part of Britain’s ‘sphere of influence’ and they exploited a succession dispute between the native Mazrui and the Muslim Sheikh Mbaruk. Mbaruk took up arms against the British, obtaining weapons from the Germans, it took the British 9 months to defeated them but eventually Mbaruk fled and the territory became part of Britain’s East African Protectorate in 1895 – it was not officially declared a colony until 1920. It provided access to the fertile land of Uganda, formed a buffer against German interests in Tanzania and they hoped to grow tea and coffee

19
Q

What was the Ugandan railway!

A

The Ugandan Railway was used to consolidate Britain’s formal takeover of both East Africa and Uganda, it linked the colonies together and with the Indian ocean. It was 660 miles long, took 5 years to build, cost £5 million and took the lives of 2500 labours. It was known as the ‘lunatic line’ because of its engineering ingenuity and because of the difficulties surrounding its construction e.g. The Kedong Massacre, where 500 labourers were killed by Masai tribesmen and the Tsavo incident, where 35 workers were eaten by two lions. The conservative colonial secretary, Chamberlain, justified the line by saying it: enabled access to new markets; encouraged colonial settlement and tourism; facilitated export of tea and coffee and protected the source of the Nile against Britain’s potential enemies

20
Q

Reasons for British expansion in Uganda?

A

In the course of the 19th century, Anglican and French Catholic missionaries and Zanzibari Muslims had all permeated Buganda and achieved significant success. King Mwanga executed 30 missionaries in an attempt to assert his authority which provoked a civil war, during which he fled. He was forced to sign a treaty in 1890 with the Imperial British East Africa Company which handed over revenue, trade, and administration of justice to them. These powers were transferred to the Crown in 1894 and Buganda became a protectorate as part of Uganda. It had rich fertile soil that could be exploited for raw materials and it opened up the interior of Africa (Lake Victoria) to trade

21
Q

Reasons for British expansion in Zanzibar?

A

in 1890 Britain and Germany signed a treaty recognising German control over Tanzania and Britain’s declaration Zanzibar a protectorate and installed a ‘puppet’, Sultan Hamad. Hamad died in 1896 and Khalid became sultan without Britain’s blessing, he was ordered to step down, refused, and prompted the shorted was in history (38 minutes) in which Britain launched a naval bombardment and Khalid was forced to step down. He was replaced by the pro-British Sultan Hamud. Zanzibar was seen as a key for the defense of trade in the Indian Ocean and it also helped check German ambitions in the region

22
Q

Reasons for British expansion in Somaliland?

A

Britain already had a protectorate in Somaliland (established in 1888) but this was reinforced by admin and military personnel in 1898. It had few resources but was useful to defense the Red Sea and the route to the Suez Canal and it also checked French and Italian ambitions in the region

23
Q

What was the situation in Sudan by 1895?

A

• The Mahdist revolt against the Egyptian government in the Sudan, which had broken out in 1881 and brought about the death of General Gordon at Khartoum in 1885 had left the area in a weakened state
• Khalifa Abdullah succeeded the Mahdi and tried to bring the peoples of the Sudan together under his leadership but the state was plagued by war from internal resistance fighters, disease and famine

24
Q

Why did Britain decide to invade the Sudan?

A

• Gladstone had always intended to withdraw British troops from Egypt as soon as it was safe. However, Sir Evelyn Baring said that a British evacuation policy for Egypt would be impossible because there was no one who was sufficiently strong or popular to hand the power to. With the crumbling of the Ottoman Empire Egypt became more vital to Britain year by year and by 1889 Salisbury (who became Conservative PM in 1885) accepted Egypt was a permanent responsibility and a first priority in British policy – so naturally that the territories to the south of Egypt were high priority too
• Britain was also concerned about French and German expansion inland in East Africa fearing that the flow of the Nile could be artificially stopped with the result that Egypt’s agriculture would be destroyed and the country ruined
• Between 1888 and 1898 the headwaters of the Nile were the prize in an extended game of chess played by the governments of Britain, Germany, Italy and France and King Leopold II of the Belgians
• Salisbury, therefore, signed a treaty with the Germans in 1890 where they agreed to take Tanganyika while the British took Kenya and Uganda. In 1894, King Leopold pledged not to push his estate’s boundaries to the Upper Nile. Italian expansion on the Red Sea coast at Massawa was regarded as beneficial by the British since it diverted the Khalifa’s attention from the Egyptian borders and Britain had encouraged Italian ambitions there since 1885, in gratitude they promised in 1891 to keep clear of the Nile Valley. However, the Italian forces were defeated as Adowa in 1896, whilst trying to seize Abyssinia so the divisionary help was lost
• Salisbury now had an excuse for a British campaign in the Sudan – it could be sold to the public as a campaign to aid Italy and uphold European civilisation against African barbarianism. It also welcomed the opportunity to avenge general Gordon and, as the French remained hostile the possibility of a French intrusion was one of the reasons why the government sanctioned the first stage of the conquest of the Sudan in March 1896

25
Q

How did Britain gain control of Sudan?

A

• General Sir Herbert Kitchener, head of the Egyptian army in 1896, was given orders to penetrate Sudanese territory as far as Dongola. Kitchener was determined to go further take Khartoum and conquer the whole region. Kitchener had little imagination and less education. He treated troops as mere cogs in a military machine – he was ‘never seen to address or even notice a private soldier’. Kitchener was a complex character. He was not without a sense of humour: cursed with poor eyesight all his life, he was such a poor shot he named his gundogs Bang, Miss, and Damn. But he had met Gordon as a young soldier and the thought of avenging Gordon brought out the hard man in Kitchener. He encouraged his troops ‘to regard their enemy as vermin – unfit to live’
• He won a resounding success at the Battle of Omdurman 2 September 1898 – at a cost of fewer than fifty British/Egyptian dead there were 11000 Dervish killed and many of the wounded were either shot or left for dead. Winston Churchill condemned this ‘inhumane slaughter’. After the battle, Kitchener proceeded to order the destruction of the Mahdi’s tomb and carried off the Mahdi’s head as a trophy. Omdurman was tantamount to a massacre, which, more than any other encounter between European and native armies, illustrated the gulf between the technology of the industrialised powers and that of their opponents in Africa and Asia
• The initial Egyptian expeditionary force of 10,000 was transported up the Nile by a fleet of pleasure steamers to Wadi Halfa. A railway was then constructed into the heart of the Dervish territory

26
Q

What was the ‘Fashoda incident’ 1898?

A

• Salisbury ordered Kitchener to go to Fashoda on the headwaters of the Nile – where a French expedition under Major Marchand had arrived. The both pressed the nations’ claims to the area, Kitchener treated Marchand courteously and, tactfully, had the Egyptian flag rather than the British one hoisted over Fashoda. Kitchener won nothing but praise for his tactful handling of the Fashoda incident, however, Marchand was completely isolated but Kitchener could keep in touch with London via a telegraph cable on the bed of the Nile and the British had an overwhelming force
• The British press, however, published that Britain and France were on the brink of war
• Fortunately for Salisbury, faced with firmness and overwhelming force, Marchand withdrew, believing that he had upheld his own and his country’s honour. He had the wisdom to realise that by turning Britain into an enemy, perhaps even an ally of Germany, France’s power in Europe would be fatally determined and the French government was already facing internal problems. By an agreement in 1899, the French promised to stay out of the Nile Valley in return for territory in the west

27
Q

How was the Sudan governed after the conquest?

A

• In 1899, there was an agreement between Britain and Egypt whereby Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established
• This would be administrated in an arrangement known as a condominium – Sudan would be run by the British with Egyptian support
• Lord Kitchener was appointed as the first Governor-General (who officially ruled in the name of the Khedive of Egypt). He was succeeded by General Reginald Wingate from 1902
• Kitchener was rewarded £30000 for his work in Sudan. He contributed some of it to the setting up of the Gordon Memorial College at Khartoum which trained young Sudanese to run their own country
• Despite Egyptian expectations, Britain frustrated ambitions for the unification of the two countries

28
Q

How did the British expand their Empire in Rhodesia?

A

Rhodes had established a British presence in ‘south Zambesia’. This became known as Southern Rhodesia from 1895 after Rhodes used force to establish British settlers in the area. In wars with the native Ndebele (1893-4 and 1896-7) nearly half the settlers were killed, but the territory was eventually taken and that north of the Zambesi River followed as separate treaties with African chiefs

29
Q

How did Britain expand their Empire in Nyasaland?

A

The British sought control over Nyasaland which had been opened up by Livingstone and settled by Scottish missionaries, however, they faced Portuguese-backed Arab attacks and it was not until 1891 that they were able to establish control there. Guerrilla warfare continued on and off until 1897, the area operated under the control of Rhodes’ British South Africa Company until 1907 when it became a Protectorate

30
Q

Why did Britain want to bring the Boer republic into a British confederation in Southern Africa?

A

• The idea was advocated by the Cape Prime Minister, Cecil Rhodes, and Joseph Chamberlain (colonial sectary 1895-1903) was drawn into the idea in the 1890s - largely to counter German territorial gains and Boer confidence derived from the Transvaal’s gold wealth
• In 1895, gold-seeking uitlander of the Transvaal were being denied citizenship and voting rights by the Boer Government and Paul Kruger. By 1895, the uitlanders outnumbered the Boers by 4 to 1and paid 9/10 of the Transvaal’s taxes. They sought help from Cecil Rhodes- this provided an excuse for British intervention

31
Q

What was the Jameson raid?

A

A raid was launched on the Transvaal from neighbouring British Rhodesia by Dr. Jameson on Rhodes’ orders. The plan was meant to be secret but too many people knew of it and Rhodes kept changing the plan. The London Times urged him not to commence action on a Saturday since it did not appear on Sundays!

32
Q

What were the consequences of the Jameson raid?

A

• Jameson’s raid (which consisted of 500 mounted police who were drunken, ill-trained and badly equipped) was easily defeated as the plan to start an uprising of uitlanders failed and he was forced to surrender after just 4 days
• The whole affair was a fiasco and even though no official support had been given it discredited the British government and stiffened the Boer’s determination to resist the British
• Jameson and 12 companions were imprisoned and Rhodes was forced to resign from the Cape Premiership
• Kruger became a people’s hero and the Boers still living in the Cape Colony formed an anti-British ‘Afrikaner Bond’ to show their solidarity with their fellow Boers in the Transvaal. Germany sent Kruger a telegram congratulating Kruger on maintaining the Transvaal’s independence without calling on friendly powers. This increased hostilities between the British and the Germans

33
Q

How did the British affect the Xhosa Bantu peoples?

A

• They lived in the Cape and in Natal – they resented the British control of these areas
• There were 5 Kaffir Wars between 1818 and 1878 which were between the British and the Xhosa
• They were experts in bush warfare and quite difficult to defeat
• Their independence was erased bit by bit and defiant chiefs were deported. The Xhosa people became absorbed into the Southern African states and their language is still influential today

34
Q

How did the British affect the Fingoes Bantu people?

A

• They lived in the Cape and Natal
• They had a fierce rivalry with the Xhosa
• They chose to work with the British, they were skilful scouts and bush fighters
• The British protected the Fingoes because they were loyal and provided such good extra troops
• They saw war as an opportunity to make money

35
Q

How did the British affect the Swazis Bantu people?

A

• The British recognised the independence of Swaziland since at least the 1840s
• The Pretoria Convention or 1881(after the first Boer War) confirmed the independence of Swaziland
• They were careful to avoid coming into conflict with the British and they helped and provided warriors for the British, especially in the Pedi Wars
• Swaziland remained independent until 1903 when it became a British Protectorate
• It became independent in 1968 and still exists today

36
Q

How did the British affect the Nbele Bantu peoples?

A

• King Lobengula’s Ndebele state was known as Matabeleland
• He appealed to Queen Victoria in 1888 for help in protecting his borders against the Boers and particularly
Portugal
• Lord Salisbury (PM) sent two battleships to threaten the Portuguese who subsequently backed off
• However, the Ndebele signed a trade agreement with Cecil Rhode’s British South Africa Company. Rhodes
arrived in the capital of Matabeleland with armed men. In 1893 there were clashes between the natives and the
chartered company
• After Lobengula died in 1894 the newer leaders made the decision to remove all white settlers from their lands. Over 100 families and missionaries were murdered
• The Company responded savagely and the area was made safe for new settlers again – the area was already turning into Rhodesia