Coasts

Question 1

Constructive Waves

Answer 1

Stronger swash
Weaker backwash
Long wavelength
Shallow gradient
Low frequency

Question 2

Destructive Waves

Answer 2

Stronger backwash
Weaker swash
Short wavelength
Steep gradient
High frequency

Question 3

Hydraulic Action

Answer 3

Water and air going into cracks and breaking up the rock (cliff)

Question 4

Abrasion

Answer 4

Waves hurling rocks at cliffs which break rock down

Question 5

Attrition

Answer 5

Rocks hitting each other and breaking each other down

Question 6

Corrosion (solution)

Answer 6

The dissolving of rocks by acids in seawater

Question 7

Weathering

Answer 7

The breakdown of a material in situ (no movement)

Question 8

Mechanical Weathering

Answer 8

Physical breakdown by environmental factors
Examples: Freeze-thaw weathering, onion skin weathering / exfoliation weathering

Question 9

Biological Weathering

Answer 9

Involves living organisms
Examples: Acids in plant roots dissolving rock, plant roots breaking up rock through cracks

Question 10

Chemical Weathering

Answer 10

Acids in rainwater can dissolve rocks

Question 11

Rockfall

Answer 11

Rocks falling of cliff, typically due to freeze-thaw weathering

Question 12

Mudflow

Answer 12

Saturated soil flows down a slope

Question 13

Rotational Slip

Answer 13

Saturated soil slumps down a curved surface

Question 14

What are four factors that influence the coastline?

Answer 14

Vegetation
Geology
Sea level
Humans

Question 15

Submergent Coastline

Answer 15

Coastline that has been flooded due to rise of sea level
Forms features such as Fjords and Rias

Question 16

Emergent Coastline

Answer 16

Coastlines where sea levels have fallen
Forms features such as raised beaches and relict cliffs

Question 17

Eustatic Change

Answer 17

Change in sea level due to volume of water changing

Question 18

Isostatic Rebound

Answer 18

Rise of land masses that used to be under ice sheets during previous ice age

Question 19

Goods

Answer 19

Tangible outputs with physical dimensions

Question 20

Services

Answer 20

Intangible process that cannot be weighed

Question 21

Describe the distribution of coral reefs and mangroves

Answer 21

In a narrow band around 30 degrees north or south of the equator in the tropics

Question 22

Storm Surges

Answer 22

Sudden rises in sea level caused by strong winds and low air pressure

Question 23

Tsunami

Answer 23

A huge displacement of water due to earthquakes or volcanic eruptions

Question 24

Reclaimed Land

Answer 24

Land that has been gained from the sea due to management or sea level fall

Question 25

Coral Reefs

Answer 25

Factors:
Temperature (25)
Light for coral to grow
Depth (less than 25m) for sunlight

Found in a narrow band, eitherside of the equator between the tropics

Value:
Tourism
Food source
Biodiversity
Storm protection

Threats:
Overfishing
Human contact
Coral bleaching (from rising sea temps)
Pollution

Management:
Fishing rules
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Protection
Education

Question 26

Salt Marsh

Answer 26

Factors:
Sheltered area
Salinity
Gradient
Intertidal zone
Supply of sediment

Formation:
-Sheltered area where sediments are deposited (flocculation)
-Deposition > Erosion
-Vegetation starts to grow

Value:
Carbon stores
Ecosystem / Biodiversity
Storm Protection
Tourism from bird watchers

Threats:
Reclamation of land
Pollution
Rising sea levels

Management:
Education
Protection
Planting vegetation

Question 27

Sand Dunes

Answer 27

Factors:
Sand supply
Prevailing wind
Debris
Wide beach for large tidal range

Formation:
-During low tide, sand blown onto beach accumulates around debris
-Vegetation makes it more stable
-Other dunes develop on seaward side pushing original dune back, forming ridges

Value:
Protection against storms

Threats:
Human activity
Industrial development

Management:
Planting vegetation to stabilise
Limiting / regulating human activity
Education
Biodegradable debris

Question 28

Mangroves:

Answer 28

Factors:
Intertidal zone
Salinity
Tropical climate (>27)
Light

Narrow band on either side of the equator in the tropics

Value:
Storm protection
Biodiversity
Timber

Threats:
Aquaculture (fish farms)
Deforestation
Herbicides / Pesticides
Sea level rise

Management:
Protection
Education
Planting mangroves

Question 29

What strength of wave depends on

Answer 29

Fetch
Wind Speed
How long wind has been blowing

Question 30

Weak points on rock

Answer 30

Joints and Faults