Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Constructive Waves

A

Stronger swash
Weaker backwash
Long wavelength
Shallow gradient
Low frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Destructive Waves

A

Stronger backwash
Weaker swash
Short wavelength
Steep gradient
High frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydraulic Action

A

Water and air going into cracks and breaking up the rock (cliff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Abrasion

A

Waves hurling rocks at cliffs which break rock down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Attrition

A

Rocks hitting each other and breaking each other down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Corrosion (solution)

A

The dissolving of rocks by acids in seawater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Weathering

A

The breakdown of a material in situ (no movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

Physical breakdown by environmental factors
Examples: Freeze-thaw weathering, onion skin weathering / exfoliation weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Biological Weathering

A

Involves living organisms
Examples: Acids in plant roots dissolving rock, plant roots breaking up rock through cracks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

Acids in rainwater can dissolve rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rockfall

A

Rocks falling of cliff, typically due to freeze-thaw weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mudflow

A

Saturated soil flows down a slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rotational Slip

A

Saturated soil slumps down a curved surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are four factors that influence the coastline?

A

Vegetation
Geology
Sea level
Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Submergent Coastline

A

Coastline that has been flooded due to rise of sea level
Forms features such as Fjords and Rias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Emergent Coastline

A

Coastlines where sea levels have fallen
Forms features such as raised beaches and relict cliffs

17
Q

Eustatic Change

A

Change in sea level due to volume of water changing

18
Q

Isostatic Rebound

A

Rise of land masses that used to be under ice sheets during previous ice age

19
Q

Goods

A

Tangible outputs with physical dimensions

20
Q

Services

A

Intangible process that cannot be weighed

21
Q

Describe the distribution of coral reefs and mangroves

A

In a narrow band around 30 degrees north or south of the equator in the tropics

22
Q

Storm Surges

A

Sudden rises in sea level caused by strong winds and low air pressure

23
Q

Tsunami

A

A huge displacement of water due to earthquakes or volcanic eruptions

24
Q

Reclaimed Land

A

Land that has been gained from the sea due to management or sea level fall

25
Q

Coral Reefs

A

Factors:
Temperature (25)
Light for coral to grow
Depth (less than 25m) for sunlight

Found in a narrow band, eitherside of the equator between the tropics

Value:
Tourism
Food source
Biodiversity
Storm protection

Threats:
Overfishing
Human contact
Coral bleaching (from rising sea temps)
Pollution

Management:
Fishing rules
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Protection
Education

26
Q

Salt Marsh

A

Factors:
Sheltered area
Salinity
Gradient
Intertidal zone
Supply of sediment

Formation:
-Sheltered area where sediments are deposited (flocculation)
-Deposition > Erosion
-Vegetation starts to grow

Value:
Carbon stores
Ecosystem / Biodiversity
Storm Protection
Tourism from bird watchers

Threats:
Reclamation of land
Pollution
Rising sea levels

Management:
Education
Protection
Planting vegetation

27
Q

Sand Dunes

A

Factors:
Sand supply
Prevailing wind
Debris
Wide beach for large tidal range

Formation:
-During low tide, sand blown onto beach accumulates around debris
-Vegetation makes it more stable
-Other dunes develop on seaward side pushing original dune back, forming ridges

Value:
Protection against storms

Threats:
Human activity
Industrial development

Management:
Planting vegetation to stabilise
Limiting / regulating human activity
Education
Biodegradable debris

28
Q

Mangroves:

A

Factors:
Intertidal zone
Salinity
Tropical climate (>27)
Light

Narrow band on either side of the equator in the tropics

Value:
Storm protection
Biodiversity
Timber

Threats:
Aquaculture (fish farms)
Deforestation
Herbicides / Pesticides
Sea level rise

Management:
Protection
Education
Planting mangroves

29
Q

What strength of wave depends on

A

Fetch
Wind Speed
How long wind has been blowing

30
Q

Weak points on rock

A

Joints and Faults