Week 1 Flashcards
What are the 3 disease prevention levels?
- Primary Prevention
- Secondary Prevention
- Tertiary Prevention
Primary Prevention
Stop disease from occurring e.g Vaccination
Secondary Prevention
Early detection of disease states (can prevent progression and severe symptoms of diseases)
- early intervention can lead to improved prognosis (routine blood pressure measurement)
- screening (disease testing) when disease is present but not detected
Tertiary Prevention
Reduce impact of disease when disease is symptomatic
- e.g rehabilitation, medication to manage symptoms
What is the number used for measuring effectiveness of disease prevention in society
Burden of disease (measure in years of healthy life lost)
Burden of disease
- DALY(Disability-Adjusted Life Years) = Life expectancy - each year of life “lost” (YLL)
- YLL = years lost to mortality, morbidity (weight by impact of disease on life)
- Expressed as a rate in the population
What does it mean to be healthy?
- a state characterised by integrity (anatomic, physiologic, psychological)
- ability to deal with stress (physical, biological, physiological, social)
- ability to perform personally valued roles (family, work, community)
The 3 Determinants of Health
- Individual characteristics and behaviours
- Social and economic environment
- Physical environment
Individual characteristics and behaviours
- genetics
- personal behaviours
- e.g smoking tobacco products
Social and economic environment
- education
- income and social status
- access to health services
- discrimination based on race, gender, sexuality, religion, culture
Physical environment
- safe water and clean air
- safe transportation
- safe housing
What are the components of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?
- Strengthen Community Action = empowering communities and encouraging their ownership and control
- Develop Personal Skills = Increase the options for individuals to exercise more control over their own health and environments to make choices conducive to health
- Create Supportive Environments = safe stimulating provision of facilities that support healthy lifestyles
- Reorient Health Services = Create a health care system that contributes to the pursuit of health
- Legislation, fiscal measures, taxation and organizational change leading to greater equity
WHO focus Areas of Health Promotion
- Creating healthy cities
- Improving health literacy
- Promoting health and wellbeing
- Promoting health through good governance
Creating Healthy Spaces
• to create a health-supportive environment
• to achieve a good quality of life,
• to provide basic sanitation & hygiene needs
• to supply access to health care
Social Mobilisation
- Call to action: make bold political choices for health
- Ensures that health promotion priorities are determined by the communities which are affected
- Visibility and actioning alternative ideas and concepts about the forms health promotion takes
Factors constituting what makes something alive
- Composed of one or more cells
- Homeostasis
- Reproduction
- Respond to environment and communication between cells
- Metabolism
- Evolution over time
Taxonomy
The science of biological classification
- groups organisms on basis of similarity
- phylogeny = based on shared evolutionary history
- DNA analysis provides further evidence for relatedness (genomic typing)
- Genus and species names are italicised
Virulence factor
Disease causing capacity
Unique bacterial cell structures
- capsule
- pili
- flagella
- plasma membrane
- rigid cell wall
Unique bacterial cell structures : capsule
Thick, regular shell-like structure made from glycocalyx
- helps with bacterial adherence
- protection from immune response