bonding and structure Flashcards

1
Q

what can speed up a reaction

A
  • using a catalyst
    -increasing temperature
    -increasing concentration
    -decreasing particle size
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2
Q

a reaction can be tracked by

A

-measuring mass loss
-measuring volume
-measuring gas produced

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3
Q

average rate of reaction

A

change in quantity/change in time

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4
Q

graphs

A

steeper gradients faster reaction
reaction is finished when the line is leveled off

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5
Q

why is an atom neutral

A

An atom is neutral because there is the same amount of protons (+) as there are electrons (-).

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6
Q

the electron shells

A

1st Only has 2
2nd has up to 8
3rd 8

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7
Q

protons

A

located in the nucleus. + charge, 1

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8
Q

neutrons

A

located in the nucleus, nuetral charge, mass of 1 amu

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9
Q

electrons

A

electron shells, negatively charged, weighs almost 0

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10
Q

the mass of an atom

A

comes from the protons and neutrons

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11
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

nuclei

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12
Q

isotope

A

same atomic number with different mass number

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13
Q

what is a diatomic molecule

A

a molecule that contains two atoms

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14
Q

bonds between molecules

A

weak

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15
Q

ions are

A

particle with a charge

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16
Q

metals form

A

positive ions

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17
Q

non-metals form

A

negative ions

18
Q

metal transfer electrons to

A

non-metal ions

18
Q

why do atoms form ionic bonds

A

to achieve a full outer electron shell like the noble gases

19
Q

ions form

A

an ionic lattice

20
Q

what holds an ionic lattice together

A

the electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive ions and negative ions

21
Q

ionic lattices have high

A

melting points and boiling points

22
Q

ionic lattices can

A

dissolve in water

23
Q

ionic substances conduct in

A

molten or in solution

24
Q

ionic bonds are

A

strong

25
Q

covalent bonds is

A

the sharing of electrons between non-metal ions

26
Q

what keeps a covalent bond together

A

the mutual attraction of the postive nuclei for the negative electrons

27
Q

what is a molecule

A

a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

28
Q

there are two types of covalent bonds

A
  • network
  • molecular
29
Q

covalent molecular

A

weak bonds - low mp and bp

30
Q

covalent networks

A

strong bonds - high mp and bp

31
Q

covalent bonds never

A

conduct electricty because they have no charged particles

32
Q

generally covalent substances

A

never dissolve in water

33
Q

metallic bonding

A

positive ions attract negative delocalised electrons. these electrons can move anywhere and conduct electricty

34
Q

can metals dissolve

A

no they are insoluble

35
Q

shapes of molecules

A
  1. Linear
  2. Angular
  3. Pyramidal
  4. Tetrahedral
36
Q

The diatomic molecules are

A

Hydrogen
Iodine
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Bromine
Oxygen
Fluorine

37
Q

collision theory

A

In order for a chemical reaction to occur these particles must be able to collide with enough energy to form a new substance

38
Q

biological catalysts

A

enzymes

39
Q

only outer electrons are involved in formation of bonds

A

true

40
Q

Boron, SIlicon, Carbon

A

all form covalent networks