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MT1 12 > Infection control > Flashcards

Infection control Flashcards

1
Q

is a set of 6 intertwined links that allow for communicable diseases to spread.
Each step of the chain is required to effectively transmit infectious illness.
Breaking any one of the 6 links can slow the spread of infectious disease.

A

Chain of infection

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2
Q

For the infection to escalate to an epidemic means that _______

A

all components or links are favorable to the pathogenic microbe.

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3
Q

Six Links of the Chain of Infection

A

Infectious Causative Agent
Reservoir
Exit Pathway/Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Entry pathway
Susceptible Host

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4
Q

aka _________ are microorganisms that cause disease. Without pathogens, we would not have transmissible, infectious disease.

Ex:
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasite

A

Infectious Causative Agent
Pathogens

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5
Q

serves as a place in the environment where a pathogen lives, replicates and thrives.

A

Reservoir

Ex:
Human, Animals, Insects, Environment

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6
Q

form of reservoir wherein humans carry the infection

A

Human Reservoir

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7
Q

are more likely to be recognized. This means that the patient’s contacts and normal activities will normally be restricted

A

symptomatic infection

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8
Q

Carriers do not display any signs or symptoms of illness. They are asymptomatic but can still spread disease (ex: Typhoid Mary, COVID 19 )

A

Asymptomatic carriers

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9
Q

Any infectious disease that is naturally transmitted from animal or insect to human is considered a ___________

A

zoonotic disease

Ex:
Lyme disease (ticks)
Rabies (animals)
Salmonella (raw meats, eggs, and dairy)
Dengue

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10
Q

form of reservoir wherein animals/insects carry the infection

A

Animal and Insect Reservoir

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11
Q

form of reservoir wherein Environment harbor many infectious diseases

A

Environmental reservoir

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12
Q

Examples of Environmental reservoir

A

Ex:
Soil (which acts as a reservoir for Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus); and
Water (which is a reservoir for Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaire’s disease.)

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13
Q

A way or manner where an infectious agent can leave the reservoir host
This depends entirely on the characteristics of the reservoir.

A

Exit Pathway/portal of Exit

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14
Q

In humans, the main portals of exit include:

A

Alimentary: vomiting, diarrhea, saliva
Genitourinary: sexual contact
Respiratory: secretions from coughing, sneezing, or talking
Skin: open wounds

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15
Q

Examples of mode of transmission

A

Airborne, direct or indirect contact , droplets, vector (insect) and vehicle (food, water or drugs)

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16
Q

way in which pathogen is passed on

A

Mode of transmission

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17
Q

Is usually considered person-to-person contact.

A

direct Contact

18
Q

Examples of direct contact include:

A

Skin-to-Skin contact (like touching)
Kissing
Sexual contact
Contact with oral secretions
Contact with body lesions

19
Q

Pathogens that are spread by direct contact include:

A

Gonorrhea
Mononucleosis
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
COVID-19

20
Q

Requires a pathogen to be transferred through the air from its reservoir in a droplet of body secretions. These are relatively large and usually will fall from suspension after 3-6 feet of travel. They will rapidly fall on nearby surfaces (tables, door knobs, telephones, elevator buttons, etc.), and may remain viable. The survivability of the pathogen depends on its type.

A

Droplets

21
Q

occurs when a droplet from coughing, sneezing or talking carry the pathogen to the hosts body. The transmission is completed by:
Inhaling droplets
Droplets entering the mucous membranes of the face
A host touching droplets that have settled on surfaces and then touching their face (mouth, eyes, nose).

A

Droplet transmission

22
Q

3 ways where transmission completed

A

Inhaling droplets
Droplets entering the mucous membranes of the face

A host touching droplets that have settled on surfaces and then touching their face (mouth, eyes, nose).

Examples of illnesses caused by droplet transmission are:
Strep Throat
Influenza
The common cold
COVID-19

23
Q

Some pathogens are transmitted directly through blood. These pathogens require that infected blood from the reservoir be directly exposed to the blood of the susceptible host.
This can be accomplished by blood from a needlestick and blood entering mucous membranes or other open wounds.

A

Blood Borne

24
Q

Examples of blood-borne pathogens include:

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Hepatitis-B Virus
Hepatitis-C Virus

25
Q

occurs when pathogens smaller than five microns in size remain suspended in the air long after the infected person has left the area. A host then enters the space where the pathogen is suspended and has the potential to become infected.

A

Airborne

26
Q

utilizes insects to transport the pathogen. Insects such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitos are unharmed by the pathogens they potentially carry but can transmit the bacteria or virus when they bite a host.

A

Vector

27
Q

Examples of Vectors

A

Mosquito: West Nile Virus
Fleas: Bubonic Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Ticks: Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

28
Q

Refers to the way an infectious agent enters a host that is susceptible to infection which includes body orifices.

A

Entry pathway/Portal of Entry

29
Q

Examples of Entry Pathway/Portal of entry:

A

Examples include:
Inhalation
Absorption
Ingestion
Inoculation
Introduction

30
Q

Someone who is prone to infection due to age, health or immune status. They usually include the elderly, newborn, patients who are immune suppressed.

A

susceptible Host

31
Q

Factors of susceptability:

A

Age
The very young or very old are usually more susceptible.

Health status
Malnourished, dehydrated, or otherwise unhealthy persons are more at risk

Medication usage
Immune suppressing drugs allow pathogens to take hold more freely

32
Q

inside Laboratory Precautions

A

Do not eat, drink, smoke or apply cosmetics.

Do not insert or remove contact lenses

Do not bite nails or chew pens

Do not mouth pipet

Assume all patients are infectious

Avoid production of aerosols in centrifuge

33
Q

exposure control plan for needlestick/other shrap injury:

A

Carefully remove the shards or foreign object.

Wash the site thoroughly with soap and water for at least 30 seconds.

34
Q

exposure control plan for Mucous Membrane exposure:

A

Flush with water or saline for at least 10 minutes.

For the eyes, use eyewash station for flushing.

Remember to remove the contact lenses (if there are any) and make sure to disinfect them.

Report the incident to the immediate supervisor and the provider so that evaluation, treatment and counseling can be provided.

35
Q

surface decontamination:

A

use of 1:10 bleach solution or other disinfectants for the specimen collection and processing areas.

Remember to wear gloves and use an absorbent material when cleaning the area to avoid spreading the spills over a wider area.

As a precaution, all non-reusable items contaminated by blood or other body fluids should be placed in biohazard waste containers for proper disposal.

36
Q

Portal of entry via respiratory tract

A

inhalation

37
Q

Portal of entry via mucous membranes (like eyes)

A

absorption

38
Q

Portal of entry via the gastrointestinal tract

A

ingestion

39
Q

Portal of entry as a result of inoculation injury (vaccine; immunization via introduction of infective material)

A

inocculation

40
Q

Portal of entry via insertion of medical devices

A

introduction

41
Q

how to break the chain of infection

A

cleaning disinfection, sterilization
pest control
hand hygiene
PPE
respiratory etiquette
waste disposal
food safety
first aid
immunization
patient education
diagnosis and treatment

MT1 12 (3 decks)

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