GCSE Cells & Biochemistry Knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of white blood cells?

A
  1. ingest pathogens
  2. produce antibodies
  3. produce antitoxins
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2
Q

what does producing specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen lead to?

A

immunity from that pathogen

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3
Q

what happens if a large proportion of the population is immune to a pathogen?

A

the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced

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4
Q

what are the effects of exercise on the body?

A
  1. increase rate of breathing
  2. increase depth of breathing
  3. increase heart rate
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5
Q

what is the organisation of cells, tissues, organs etc. in the stomach?

A

muscle cells –> muscle tissue (contract to churn bits of food)
glands –> glandular tissue (secrete acid, enzymes & hormones)
epithelial cells –> epithelial tissue (line the stomach to protect it from HCl acid)

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6
Q

what can be transferred by evaporation?

A

heat

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7
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of water?

A

high

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8
Q

describe the interaction between oil & water?

A

oil does not dissolve in water
it can form emulsions with water if an emulsifier is present

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9
Q

are vegetable oils saturated or unsaturated?
how can they be hardened?

A

unsaturated bc they contain a double bond
these may be hardened by hydrogenation to add to the double bond

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10
Q

what are the roles of protein in the body?

A

enzymes
structural components e.g. muscle
antibodies
hormones

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11
Q

what is chromatography used for?

A

to separate mixtures of soluble dyes
& to identify molecules within a mixture

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12
Q

what are needed in small amounts for the body to function healthily?

A

mineral ions & vitamins

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13
Q

how are ions lost from the body?

A
  1. via the skin in sweat
  2. excess ions are lost via the kidneys in urine
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14
Q

what ions make a solution acidic?

A

H+

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15
Q

what is energy from respiration used for?

A

movement
protein synthesis
synthesis of amino acids in plants
maintenance of constant body temperature

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16
Q

what does DNA contain the genetic information for?

A

features & characteristics

17
Q

what do mutations cause?

A

new forms of genes

18
Q

what does Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection state?

A

all species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than 3 billion years ago

19
Q

why do individual organisms within a species show variation?

A

differences in the genes they inherit,
the conditions in which they develop
or both

20
Q

where there are new forms of genes (caused by mutations), what can happen if the environment changes?

A

rapid change in a species

21
Q

what does studying the similarities & differences between organisms allow?

A

classification of organisms to understand evolutionary & ecological relationships

22
Q

what is a species?

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

23
Q

how does fossil evidence show how species have changed over time?

A

fossils are: evidence of early life forms
the best evidence of organisms that are now extinct
the remains of organisms from millions of years ago found in rocks

24
Q

how are fossils formed?

A
  1. animal traces e.g. footprints, burrows, rootlets
  2. animal decayed so left space that was filled by minerals
  3. parts of organism had not decayed because a condition for decay was not present (e.g. anaerobic, low temp, low pH, low moisture)
25
Q

what cause new species to arise?

A
  1. isolation - 2 populations of the same species are separated
  2. genetic variation - each population has a range of alleles that control their characteristics
  3. natural selection - alleles that control the most beneficial characteristics (that help the organism to survive) are selected
  4. speciation - populations become so different that they can no longer interbreed successfully to produce fertile offspring