Sex and Gender (gender) Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the difference between sex and gender?

A
  • SEX= biological state of being either male or female, determined by different chromosomes. (nature)

-GENDER= Someone’s psychosocial status as being masculine, feminine or androgynous, this is influenced by social norms and cultural expectations (nurture)

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2
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A
  • When someone’s biological sex doesn’t reflect the way they feel inside or the gender they identify as.
  • Can get gender reassignment surgery
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3
Q

What is sex role stereotyping?

A
  • A set of beliefs and pre-conceived ideas about what’s expected for males and females in a given society.
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4
Q

Stereotypes cause use to ________ similarities between individual members of the same group (eg all males are aggressive)

Stereotypes also cause us to overemphasise the __________ between the different groups (if all females are caring then all males are not caring)

A
  • overemphasise

-differences

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5
Q

What was the procedure of KUHN et al’s research?

A
  • Showed 2-3 year olds male and female paper dolls
  • Asked them to identify which doll would make statements, such as ‘ I cry a lot’ and ‘I like fighting’
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6
Q

What were the results of KUHN’s study?

A
  • Most of the 2 year olds had similar ideas about the sexes (boys= fighting, girls=dolls)
  • Each saw its own gender as having positive qualities (girls thought other girls were pretty, boys saw other boys as hard working)
  • Each sex had negative views about the other (boys are mean, girls are slow)
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7
Q

Are some of these sex-stereotypes matched in adult hood?

A

YES

  • Adults see men as being: assertive, aggressive,skilful and get things done
  • Women seen as: warm, expressive,gentle and lacking in competence, independence and logic
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8
Q

Explain how sex stereotyping is shown in young children’s toy choices

(RICHARDSON AND SIMPSON)

A
  • Girls have dolls and house keeping toys
  • Boys have guns and trucks

–> this was found in a study into the requests of 4-9 year olds for gifts from Santa

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9
Q

Do parents enforce sex-role stereotyping in their children from a young age due to the toys they buy them?

A
  • ECCLES–> children encouraged by parents to play with gender typical toys

RHEINGOLD and COOK–>
- Made inventory of toys in rooms of children ages 1 month to 6 years
- Boys= vehicles, sports equipment
- Girls= dolls, floral decorations

  • Differences in rooms were present from very early ages–> suggests that parents were selecting toys based upon the child’s gender rather than in response to their interests.
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10
Q

Only ___% of British primary school teachers and ___% of nursery teachers are male. WHY?

A
  • 12
    -3
  • Early years teaching seen as a feminine profession due to nurturing ability and unsuitability of males due to perception of being intimidating

–> SEX ROLE STEREOTYPES AFFECT ADULT CAREER CHOICES

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11
Q

S-R STEREOTYPES EVALUATION- What does the fact that s-r stereotypes differ cross culturally tell us?

A
  • Suggests characteristics associated with sex roles are culturally transmitted
  • ENVIRONMENTAL learning experiences are stronger than BIOLOGICAL factors in determining s-r tereotypes
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12
Q

S-R STEREOTYPES EVALUATION- How can environmental learning experiences be used to change negative s-r stereotypes?

A
  • Negative s-r stereotyping addressed by providing learning experiences for children
  • These would reinforce the idea of POSITIVE sex roles being equally applicable to males and females
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13
Q

S-R STEREOTYPES EVALUATION- What’s the problem in addressing negative s-r tereotyping?

A
  • Examples of stereotypes tend to be OVEREMPHASISED as ‘typical behaviour’, eg girls cry but when boys do it’s unusual
  • ‘Typical’ differences are then perceived as ‘natural’ differences between the sexes which reinforces the stereotype and makes it HARDER TO BREAK DOWN.
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14
Q

S-R STEREOTYPES EVALUATION- The media is criticised for __________ presentation of sex roles

A
  • STEREOTYPICAL
  • However the way in which sexes r represented in childrens books has changed since the 1960s where women were under-represented and shown in passive and needy roles
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15
Q

S-R STEREOTYPES EVALUATION- Has the media really stop being stereotypical ?

A
  • some argue it still is but now it’s more subtle
  • Research shows males and females still represented differently on TV
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16
Q

S-R STEREOTYPES EVALUATION- Explain what Davis concluded about the media and stereotyping

A

Found that females on TV are…

  • 4 x more likely to be dressed provocatively
  • Younger than males
  • Outnumbered 2:1 by males