Patho of GI Diseases Flashcards
Components of Upper GI
–Esophagus
–Stomach
–Beginning of small intestines
Components of Lower GI
–small intestines
–colon (large intestines)
–rectum/anus
Esophageal disorders
–GERD
–Hiatal Hernia
Inflammatory disorders of the stomach (Upper GI)
–gastritis
–acute gastroenteritis
–PUD
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
how does dysphagia progress?
begins with solids and progresses to liquids
common causes of dysphagia
–mechanical obstruction
–neuromuscular dysfunction
–intubation
–tracheostomy
examples of mechanical obstruction
–stenosis and stricture
–diverticula
–tumors
examples of neuromuscular dysfunction
–CVA
–achalasia
achalasia
lower esophageal sphincter can’t open properly
GERD
gastro esophageal reflux disease
GERD aka ________
heartburn
GERD definition
–backflow of gastric acid from stomach into esophagus
–occurs via LES
what triggers GERD?
–anything that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal pressure
–fatty foods
–spicy foods
–tomato based foods
–citrus foods
–caffeine
–large amounts of alcohol
–cigarettes
–sleep position
–obesity
–pregnancy
–pharm agents
clinical manifestations of GERD
–heartburn (pyrosis)
–dyspepsia
–regurgitation
–chest pain
–dysphagia
–pulmonary symptoms
complications of GERD
–ulceration
–scarring
–strictures
–Barrett’s esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus
development of abnormal metaplastic tissue–premalignant
treatment for Barrett’s esophagus
prevention, no treatment
risk associated with Barrett’s esophagus
three-fold increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
Hiatal Hernia
a defect in the diaphragm that allows part of the stomach to pass into the thorax
two main types of hiatal hernias
–sliding hernia
–paraesophageal hernia
sliding hernia
usually small and often do not need treatment
paraesophageal hernia
part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm and stays there
causes of hiatal hernia
–exact cause is unknown
–increased age
–injury or other damage may weaken the diaphragm muscle
–repeatedly putting too much pressure on the muscles around the stomach
examples of mechanisms that can cause a hiatal hernia
–severe coughing
–vomiting
–constipation and straining to have a bowel movement
clinical manifestations of hiatal hernias
–asymptomatic
–belching
–dysphagia
–chest or epigastric pain
–weaker LES
risk factors for hiatal hernias
–age
–obesity
–smoking
GERD and hiatal hernias
common for these to coexist
treatment of hiatal hernias
–conservative treatment
–surgery if conservative treatments don’t work
–antacids for the GERD/esophagitis syndrome
teaching for hiatal hernias
–small, frequent meals
–avoid lying down after eating
–avoid tight clothing and abdominal supports
–weight control for obese individuals
acute gastritis
temporary inflammation of the stomach lining only (intestines not affected)
duration of acute gastritis
generally lasts 2-10 days
etiology of acute gastritis
–irritating substances (alcohol)
–drugs (NSAIDs)
–infectious agents
infectious agent involved with acute gastritis
H. pylori
chronic gastritis
progressive disorder with chronic inflammation in the stomach
duration of chronic gastritis
can last weeks to years
complications of chronic gastritis
–PUD
–bleeding
–ulcers
–anemia
–gastric cancers
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
etiologies of chronic gastritis
–autoimmune (attacks parietal cells)
–H. pylori infection
H. pylori
helicobacter pylori bacterium
where does H. pylori thrive?
in acidic environments
how does H. pylori work?
destructive pattern of persistent inflammation
how is H. pylori transmitted?
–person to person via saliva, fecal matter, or vomit
–contaminated food or water
clinical manifestations of acute/chronic gastritis
–sometimes none
–anorexia
–N/V
–postprandial discomfort
–intestinal gas
–hematemesis
–tarry stools
–anemia
acute gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach and small intestine
etiology of acute gastroenteritis
–viral infections: norovirus and rotavirus
–bacterial infections: E. coli, salmonella, campylobacter
–parasitic infections
duration of acute gastroenteritis
usually lasts 1-3 days, but many last as long as 10 days
clinical manifestations of acute gastroenteritis
–watery diarrhea (bloody if bacterial)
–abdominal pain
–N/V
–fever, malaise