6.3. The changing structure of urban settlements Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional Zonation

A

Pattern of land uses in an urban area whereby distinctive retail, office, manufacturing and residential zones can be recognised

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2
Q

Functional Zonation Models

A

1) Burgress’ Concentric Zone Model
2) Hoyts’ Sector Model
3) Multiple nuclei model

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3
Q

Burgress’ Concentric Zone Model main assumptions

A
  • Towns grew outward from the centre in a concentric pattern (buildings become closer to edge of city)
  • 5 rings may develop (innermost to outermost): Central business district, Zone of transition, Council estates, Commuter zone, Countryside area
  • Surrounding the CBD was the “zone in transition”
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4
Q

Central Business District (CBD)

A
  • Most accessible to the largest number of people
  • Contains services such as shops, offices, banks, etc.
  • Multi-story buildings as land is very expensive (build upwards to save cost)
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5
Q

Zone of Transition (“twilight zone”)

A

Has 2 sections: Wholesale light manufacturing (transitional and low class residential (old inner city areas)

  • 19 Century terraced buildings
  • no gardens
  • cheap, dirty slum areas (attracting crime)
  • GRID IRON street pattern
  • High rise blocks were built after slums were pulled down
  • old industries found here
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6
Q

Council estates

A
  • Semi-detached housing with gardens in large estates

- Less expensive private estates also here, not top quality (medium class residential)

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7
Q

Commuter Zone

A
  • High class residential area
  • Private, top quality housing
  • Detached and semi-detached on cheap land
  • People can live here as they are prepared to pay
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8
Q

Countryside Areas (suburbs)

A
  • Countryside surrounding the urban area

- Can also contain villages / hamlets / city workers live

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9
Q

Problems with the Burgress Model

A

The Burgress model is simple and elegant but has many criticisms:

  • It was based on Chicago in 1925 and best fits this city at this time
  • The model is old and was developed before mass car ownership, so people relied on public transportation
  • New working and housing trends have emerged since the model was developed. Many people now choose to live and work outside the city on the urban fringe
  • There is no such thing as a “typical” city. All are different
  • Intervening barriers such as old industrial centres, may prevent completion of a ring
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10
Q

Zone in transition

A

Area just beyond the CBD, which is characterised by a mixture of residential, industrial and commercial land use, tending towards deterioration and blight

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11
Q

Hoyts’ Sector Model (1939)

A
  • Hoyt proposed the idea that towns grew as sectors or “wedges”
  • That means that if, for example, industry grew in one part of a 19th century town, future industry would then develop in that sector
  • As the town grew, so would the area of industry and therefore it would grow out in a wedge shape
  • CBD is in the centre as it is the point of maximum accessibility and wedges surround it
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12
Q

Sector

A

A section of an urban area in the shape of a wedge, beginning at the edge of the CBD and gradually widening to the periphery

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13
Q

The multiple nuclei model

A
  • This theory is based upon the notion that the cities have an essentially cellular structure, in which distinctive types of land use have developed around certain growing points, or “nuclei” within the urban area
  • This model is therefore a good fit for sprawling and expansive cities
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14
Q

Bid-rent theory

A

Explains urban structure in terms of the profitability of land

1) The highest bidder willing to pay the highest rent will succeed in using any piece of land
2) The highest bidder is probably going to be the one which can make the greatest profit from setting up that piece of land
3) The CBD is where greatest profitability can be made (most accessible) so this is where bid rent (the rent that someone is willing to pay) will be the highest

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15
Q

Factors affecting the location of urban activities

A
  • Market forces - the demand and supply of land in various locations dictates its price
  • Local or central government planning decisions - planners can overrule market forces where they consider it necessary for the public good
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16
Q

Location of manufacturing industries

A

General decline of manufacturing industries in inner cities. Increasing manufacturing industries have been attracted to rural areas
- constrained location theory can explain this which Identifies the problems encountered by manufacturing firms in congested cities, particularly in the inner areas

17
Q

Constrained location theory

A
  • Industries of 19th and early 20th century, mostly multi-storey, are generally unsuitable for modern manufacturing
  • high competition and prices for land in inner cities means that industries cannot expand
  • Size of most cities is limited and frequently deemed to small by modern standard
18
Q

Location of Retailing

A

Lots of change to characteristics of retailing. Outside the CBD, large urban areas have witness the development of:

  • suburban CBDs
  • retail parks
  • urban superstores
  • out-of-town shopping centres
  • internet shopping and home delivery services
19
Q

The changing central business district

A

Most CBDs exhibit a core and a frame and change over time. Common changes in many developed are:

  • pedestrianised zones
  • indoor shopping centres
  • environmental improvements
  • greater public transport coordination
  • ring roads around the CBD, with multi-storey car parks
20
Q

CBD key features

A

A core (centre) and a frame (surrounding core)

  • Core - highest quality shopping, high-rise buildings, low residential population, no manufacturing industries, concentration of banks / businesses
  • Frame - office areas, transport terminals, shops with large area, some derelict land, car sales, specialist services, wholesalers, limited light manufacturing
21
Q

Residential Segregation

A

Geographic differentiation of two or more population groups within a settlement. It can be due to income, religion, age or race.

22
Q

Ghetto

A

An area within a town where an ethnic minority population is concentrated and is the dominant population group in that area

23
Q

Residential Segregation processes

A

operation of the housing market, influence of family and friends, culture and planning