Thyroid Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thyroid?

A

2” butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck

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2
Q

what does the thyroid secrete?

A

secretes triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

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3
Q

what is thyroxine?

A

regulator of body metabolism that influences almost every body system

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4
Q

role of iodine with thyroid

A

necessary component in the synthesis of thyroid hormone

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5
Q

thyroid dysfunctions

A

–primary thyroid disorders are most common
–more likely in women than men
–enlargement can occur with both types

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6
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland with or without symptoms of thyroid dysfunction

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7
Q

chemicals and goiter

A

–excess pituitary TSH
–low iodine levels
–enlargement of thyroid gland can also occur from goitrogens

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8
Q

hypothyroidism

A

insufficient levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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9
Q

primary hypothyroidism

A

increase in release of TSH from pituitary

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10
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

autoimmune; most common cause of hypothyroidism

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11
Q

patho of Hashimoto’s

A

–thyroid receptor antibodies
–antithyroglobulin antibody
–antithyroperoxidase antibody (hallmark)

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12
Q

risk factors for hypothyroidism

A

–female
–age > 50
–Caucasian
–pregnancy
–history of other autoimmune disorders
–family hx
–meds
–treatment for hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

early symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

–cold intolerance
–weight gain
–lethargy
–fatigue
–memory deficits
–poor attention span
–increased cholesterol
–muscle cramps
–raises carotene levels
–constipation
–decreased fertility
–puffy face
–hair loss
–brittle nails

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14
Q

late symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

–below normal temp
–bradycardia
–weight gain
–decreased LOC
–thickened skin
–cardiac complications (cardiomegaly)

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15
Q

how does hypothyroidism affect all body organs?

A

–raises cholesterol (HLD)
–raises carotene levels
–causes anemia
–decreases filtration by kidney
–can cause hoarse voice

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16
Q

myxedema

A

–severe hypothyroidism (coma)
–describes dermatological change that occurs with hypothyroidism

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17
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

–anxiety
–tremor
–tachycardia
–feeling warm
–loss of weight
–exophthalmos
–a fib
–decreased fertility

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18
Q

diagnosis of hypothyroidism

A

—high TSH
–low free T3
–low free T4
–antithyroglobulin
–antithyroperoxidase antibodies

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19
Q

diagnostic for primary hypothyroidism

A

low hormone secretion by the thyroid gland, which constantly signals the pituitary to secrete TSH

20
Q

what do you treat hypothyroidism with?

A

synthryoid

21
Q

MOA of synthryoid

A

converted to T3 in the body

22
Q

synthryoid

A

replacement hormone therapy with levothyroxine

23
Q

half life of synthryoid

A

7 days

24
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excessive secretion of T3 and T4

25
Q

primary hyperthyroidism

A

thyroid

26
Q

secondary hyperthyroidism

A

pituitary

27
Q

tertiary hyperthyroidism

A

hypothalamus

28
Q

Graves disease

A

most common cause; autoimmune stimulation of thyroid gland

29
Q

other causes of hyperthyroidism

A

–thyroid adenoma
–subacute thyroiditis
–toxic multinodular goiter
–excessive iodine ingestion
–excessive thyroid hormone replacement

30
Q

risk factors for hyperthyroidism

A

–family hx of Graves
–age > 40
–women
–Caucasian
–meds
–excessive iodine intake
–pregnancy

31
Q

components of Graves disease

A

–autoimmune disorders
–excess levels of T3 and T4
–thyroid-stimulating antibodies

32
Q

symptoms of Graves disease

A

–nervousness
–insomnia
–sensitivity to heat
–weight loss
–enlarged and palpable gland
–audible bruit (high glandular blood flow)
–a fib
–myxedema
–exophthalmos

33
Q

exophthalmos

A

periorbital edema and bulging of the eyes
women

34
Q

diagnosis of Graves Disease

A

–low TSH
–high T3
–high T4
–antithyroglobulin
–antithyrotropin receptor antibody
–ultrasound with color-Doppler evaluation
–radioactive iodine scanning and measurement of iodine uptake

35
Q

treatment of hyperthyroidism

A

–antithyroid hormone medication –> propylthiouracil (PTU)

36
Q

propylthiouracil

A

–blocks thyroid hormone synthesis
–suppresses conversion of T4 to T3

37
Q

notes about propylthiouracil

A

–hepatotoxicity
–can be used in 1st trimester with caution
–radioactive iodine treatment

38
Q

treatment of propylthiouracil

A

–surgery
–replacement thyroid hormone needed for life (levothyroxine)

39
Q

thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm)

A

–overwhelming release of thyroid hormones that exerts an intense stimulus on the metabolism
life threatening condition
-precipitated by surgery, trauma, or infection

40
Q

parathyroid gland

A

–four pea-sized glands nestled within thyroid tissue of the neck
–produce and secrete parathyroid hormone
–controls calcium levels in the body
–promotes vitamin D production by the kidney

41
Q

hypoparathyroidism symptoms

A

–result of insufficient PTH secretion and resultant hypocalcemia
–muscle cramps
–irritability
–tetany
–convulsion
–Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s

42
Q

treatment for hypoparathyroidism

A

–replace PTH
–normalize serum Ca and Vitamin D levels
–replacement treatment lifelong if parathyroid removed

43
Q

symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A

–muscle weakness
–poor concentration
–neuropathies
–HTN
–kidney stones
–metabolic acidosis
–osteopenia
–pathological factors
–constipation
–depression, confusion, or subtle cognitive deficits

44
Q

what are hyperparathyroidism symptoms caused by?

A

excessive secretion of PTH with resulting hypercalcemia and bone breakdown

45
Q

treatment for hyperparathyroidism

A

–reduce levels of calcium
–diuretics
–calcitonin
–biphosphonates
–vitamin D
–surgical intervention