Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcopenia - Definition

A

Age associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Complex syndrome associated with muscle mass loss alone or in conjunction with increased fat mass.

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2
Q

Sarcopenia - Cause (8)

A

Multifactorial
- Inactivity/disuse
- Endocrine function changes
- Insulin resistance
- ↓ motor neurons
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Inflammation
- Chronic disease
- Age related molecular changes

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3
Q

Sarcopenia - Risk Factors (4)

A

Smoking
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Ageing

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4
Q

Sarcopenia - Other Contributing Factors (4)

A

Comorbidities/illness
Trauma
Genetics
Neuromuscular dysfunction

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5
Q

Sarcopenia - Effect (5)

A

↑ risk of falls -> fractures
ADL impairment
Might be associated with heart disease, respiratory disease and cognitive impairment.
↑ risk of hospitalization
↑ medical health care cost

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6
Q

Sarcopenia - Screening (6)

A
  • Decline in function, strength and health status.
  • Self-reported mobility related difficulty.
  • History of recurrent falls.
  • Recent unintentional weight loss >5%
  • Post hospitalization.
  • Other chronic conditions (type 2 diabetes, chronic heart failure, COPD, chronic kidney disease, RA and cancer.
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7
Q

Sarcopenia - Practical Recommendations (5)

A
  • Protein intake 1,6 - 1,8 g/kg/d daily.
  • 5g of leucine per meal.
  • Ensure adequate energy supply.
  • Resistance exercise at least 2x week.
  • Reduce sedentary time <6h per day or 6.000 - 10.000 steps per day.
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8
Q

Osteoporosis - Definition

A

Systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility.

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9
Q

Effect of Ageing on Bone

A

Greater loss of cancellous bone than cortical bone.
Imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. ↑ osteoclasts ↓ osteoblasts.

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10
Q

Osteoporosis - Non-modifiable Risk Factors (8)

A
  • 50+ years old
  • Height loss
  • North European ancestry
  • Female - menopause
  • Family history of osteoporosis, personal history of fragility fracture.
  • Ethnicity (Caucasian and Asian)
  • Oestrogen deficiency and amenorrhea
  • Menopause and hysterectomy
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11
Q

Osteoporosis - Modifiable Risk Factors (7)

A
  • Inactivity or sedentary lifestyle
  • Excess intake of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine.
  • Lower body weight and BMI
  • Poor nutrition: calcium deficiency
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Eating disorders
  • Frequent falls
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12
Q

Osteoporosis - Screening and Testing

A

Bone mineral density (BMD) is described as a T-score.
Osteoporosis: T-score <-2,5 at femoral neck or spine.
Osteopenia (low bone mass): T-score <-1 & >-2,5.

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13
Q

Osteoporosis - Management

A
  • Resistance training has beneficial impact on physical function and ADLs.
  • Regular weight bearing exercises.
  • Vitamin D, calcium supplementation and dietary protein.
  • Pharmacological intervention.
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14
Q
A
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