7.5 Mutations Flashcards

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1
Q

mutations

A

caused by synthetic chemicals, radiation, incorrect replication, change function and structure of genome

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2
Q

point mutation

A

individual base pair mutations
- substiution of one base or another
- insertion or deletion of a single base pair
- inversion of 2 adjoining base pairs

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3
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism

A

differences in DNA of individuals within populations caused by point mutation

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4
Q

missense mutation

A

occurs when change of single base pair of group results in code for diff amino acids

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5
Q

nonsense mutations

A

occurs when change of single base pair or group results in premature stop code in gene

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6
Q

silent mutation

A

occurs when change in one or more base pairs does not affect function of a gene; mutated DNA sequence codes for same amino acid as non-mutated sequence

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7
Q

frameshift mutation

A

occurs when one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a DNA sequence causing reading frame of codons to shift in one direction or another

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8
Q

translocation

A

occurs when entire genes or groups moved from chromosome to another
- if DNA coding sequence translocated adjacent to another coding sequence = new gene and new polypeptide chain

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9
Q

inversion

A

occurs when part of DNA reverses direction in genome

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10
Q

spontaneous mutation

A

arise from inaccurate DNA replication

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11
Q

induced mutation

A

caused by environmental agent

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12
Q

mutagen

A

environmental agent that directly alters DNA within cell
- can enter cell nucleus and access genome
- 2 most common factors = chemical, radiation

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13
Q

chemical mutagen

A

any chemical agent that can enter cell nucleus and alter structure of DNA; other chemical mutagens cause mutations by mimicking DNA nucleotide

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14
Q

radiation

A
  • lower energy radiation can cause bonds to break between adjacent nucleotides along DNA strand
  • forms kink in backbone of DNA strand and complicate replication and transcription
  • higher energy radiation can stop molecules from of electrons and break bond within DNA molecule causing rearrangement or deletion or large portion of chromosomes
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