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Biology 11U > Genetics (Part 1) > Flashcards

Genetics (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does crossing over occur?

A
  • Prophase 1
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2
Q

What is happening during crossing over?

A
  • The chromatin line up next to each other and for a tetrad
  • Exchange genes with each other
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3
Q

Why is crossing over important?

A
  • Crossing over helps achieve genetic diversity, each cell is different
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4
Q

Where does Independent Assortment occur?

A
  • Metaphase 1
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5
Q

What is happening during Independent Assortment?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes randomly line up during the Metaphase 1. How they line up will result in different combinations of chromosomes in the final cells.
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6
Q

Why is Independent Assortment important?

A
  • Assists with genetic diversity, no cell is the same.
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7
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A
  • Different genes within a cell
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8
Q

Why is Meiosis important?

A

It insures that all organisms produced by sexual reproduction have the correct amount of chromosomes

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9
Q

What is Meiosis?

A
  • Process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half through seperation
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10
Q

What are the stages of Meiosis 1 and what happens?

A

Prophase 1 - Chromatins shorten and pair up with homologous chromosomes forming a tetrad.

Metaphase 1 - Tetrads line up in center of cell.

Anaphase 1 - Tetrads break apart and move to opposite sides

Telophase 1 - Cell seperates into 2 daughter cells which have half the number of chromosomes

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11
Q

What are the stages of Meiosis 2 and what happens?

A

Prophase II - Pair of sister chromatins start towards center of cell.

Metaphase II - Chromatins line up in center of cell

Anaphase II - Chromatins are pulled to opposite sides by the spindles

Telophase II - Cells separate into 4 daughter cells

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12
Q

What information is found inside DNA?

A
  • Guides the cell in making new proteins that determine all of our biological traits
  • DNA gets passed from one generation to the next (copied)
  • The key to all these functions is found in the molecular structure of DNA
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13
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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14
Q

At which phase does DNA replicate?

A

Occurs during interphase of mitosis or meiosis.

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15
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

To replicate it unzips down the middle and each side can serve as a pattern or template for the other side

Cannot unzip all the way, instead it unzips a small area called a replication fork

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16
Q

What are the 2 classes of nitrogen bases? And which parts of the DNA fit into each?

A

Purines (double ringed structure)
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines (single ringed structure)
- Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C)

17
Q

What is the DNA replication process?

A
  1. Enzyme called DNA gyrase makes a dent in the double helix and each slide separates
  2. Enzyme called helicase unwinds DNA
  3. Proteins called single strand binding proteins (SSBP) temporarily bind to each side and keeps them separate
  4. Enzyme called DNA polymerase “walks” down the DNA strand and adds new nucleotides to each strand. The nucleotides pair with the complementary nucleotides on existing strand
  5. Subunit of the DNA polymerase proof reads the new DNA
  6. Enzyme called DNA ligase seals up fragments into one continuous strand
  7. New copies automatically wind up with each other
18
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A
  • Organized picture of chromosomes
  • Arranged in order from largest to smallest
  • Sex chromosomes (x and y) are last
19
Q

What characteristics are used to make a Karyotype?

A
  • Size of chromosome
  • Length of the arms of chromosomes
  • Position of the centromere
  • Banding pattern on the chromosome
20
Q

Why make a Karyotype?

A
  • Determine if someone has an abnormal set of chromosomes
    i.e
  • Too many chromosomes
  • Too few chromosomes
  • Pieces of chromosomes missing
  • Extra pieces of chromosomes are present
21
Q

What is Trisomy?

A
  • There is a set of 3 when their should only be a pair
22
Q

What is Monosomy?

A

-One member of a pair is missing

23
Q

X and Y chromosomes is what gender?

A
  • Male
24
Q

X and X chromosomes is what gender?

A
  • Female
25
Q

What is an Addition?

A
  • When a chromosome has extra pieces attached
26
Q

What is a Deletion?

A
  • When a chromosome has pieces missing
27
Q

number of chromosomes in daughter cells of a human

A

Meiosis - 22 plus one sex cell
Mitosis - 46

Biology 11U (6 decks)

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