Protein synthesis and selection Flashcards

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1
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic DNA

A

Linear: Circular
Associated with histones: Not associated with histones
Contains introns: doesn’t

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2
Q

definition of a gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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3
Q

contrasting and comparing DNA and mRNA

A

Both: Polymers made from nucleotides
linked by phosphodiester bond

Contrast
Double stranded: single stranded
Longer:shorter
Thymine:uracil
Dexyribose:ribose
Hydrogen bonds: no hydrogen bonds
Introns: no introns

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4
Q

tRNA

A

Amino acid binding site, anticodon binding site, hydrogen bonds between complementary bases- sugar phosphate backbone

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5
Q

genome definition

A

complete base sequence of all DNA found within a cell

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6
Q

chromosome definition

A

single molecule of DNA which contains some of the genetic material of an organism

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7
Q

locus definition

A

fixed position of a gene on a chromosome

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8
Q

histone

A

a protein that linear DNA coils around to form a DNA- histone complex

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9
Q

proteome

A

full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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10
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

prokaryotes: Cytoplasm
Eukaryotes: Nucleus

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11
Q

Introns definition vs exon definition

A

introns- non-coding sequence with a gene of DNA
Exon- coding sequence within a gene of DNA

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12
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
only one strand acts as a template
RNA nucleotide attracted to exposed bases
Adenine- uracil
cytosine-guanine
RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together forming phosphodiester bond through condensation reaction
pre-mrna spliced to remove introns

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13
Q

describe the process of translation

A

mRNA binds to ribosome
ribosome finds the start codon
trna with complementary anticodons bind to codon
catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids using energy from ATP
tRNA released as ribosome moves along
ribosome releases polypeptide into RER when stop codon is reached

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14
Q

Universal definition

A

the same three bases on mRNA code for the same three amino acids in all organisms

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15
Q

non-overlapping definition

A

each base is read once in a triplet

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16
Q

degenerate definition

A

more than one triplet for each amino acid

17
Q

mutations

A

gene mutation is a change in the base sequence that may change primary structure of a polypeptide. Ultimately leading to the change of the tertiary structure making the shape of the active site not complementary to the substrate

18
Q

types of mutations

A

substitution- in third base will not alter the amino acid coded for. in second base will be a silent mutation, in first base will change amino acid base sequence

addition/deletion
1 full DNA nucleotide is lost- results in an alteration of base triplet

19
Q

mutagenic agents

A

High energy ionization energy- alter DNA structure by interfering with DNA replication
DNA reactive chemicals- nitrous acid can remove NH2 group from cytosine converting base to Uracil
Biological agents such as some viruses and bacteria

20
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

inversion-when a segment of bases is reversed end to end
duplication- doubling part of a chromosome
translocation- when groups of base pairs relocate from one area of the genome to another- usually between non-homologous chromosomes

21
Q

allele definition

A

different version of the same gene

22
Q

Phenotype vs genotype

A

an organisms characteristics, phenotype, is determined by the genotype and its interaction with the environment

23
Q

gene pool/ genetic diversity

A

the number of differnt alleles of genes in a population

24
Q

natural selection definition

A

process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce in greater numbers, resulting in the increase of the frequency of the advantageous allele within the population

25
Q

natural selection process

A

variation exists within a population caused by mutation, better adapted individuals more likely to survive and reproduce, these organisms are more likely to pass on their alleles, those which are less adapted fail to survive and reproduce, these organisms are less likely to pass on their alleles
organisms subject to selective pressures, selection pressure determines the spread of an allele within the gene pool

26
Q

Biotic factors that influence selection

A

predator, pathogen, food source, human activity, competition

27
Q

abiotic factors that effect selection

A

temperature of…, light intensity, soil PH, wind speed, O2 concentration, salinity, precipitation, humidity, ASPECT

28
Q

stabilizing vs directional selection

A

stabilising- against both extremes- only mean phenotype will have reproductive success, alleles for mean phenotype are passed on to future generations, frequency of mean alleles increases. alleles coding for extreme phenotype decreases

directional- selection for one extreme, individuals with advantageous allele have increased reproductive success, alleles for one extreme passed on, frequency of this allele increases, alleles coding for both extremes decreases