Genetics And Inheritance- Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

gene pool definition

A

All the alleles within an interbreeding population

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of its genetic constitution and its interaction within the environment

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3
Q

allele frequency

A

The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool

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4
Q

Multiple alleles

A

More than 2 alleles for the same gene- produces a hierarchy of dominance

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5
Q

homozygous

A

Two copies of the same gene that are the same allele

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6
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two copies of the gene are different alleles

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7
Q

Dominant allele

A

Will always be expressed in the phenotype

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8
Q

Recessive allele

A

Only expressed in the phenotype if the genotype is homozygous

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9
Q

Codominant

A

Equally expressed within a phenotype

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10
Q

Mono hybrid ratio

A

3:1

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11
Q

Codominance ratio

A

1:2:1

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12
Q

Dihybrid ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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13
Q

Epsiatus ratio

A

Adds up to 16 but follows no specific ratio

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14
Q

Autosomal linkage ratio

A

If no crossing over: 3:1
9:3:3:1

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15
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

The alleles frequency will remain constant from 1 generation to the next
Measures the allelic frequency
P + q= 1.0

P2 + 2Pq + q2= 1.0

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16
Q

What does HW predict and what are the conditions

A

The allelic frequency from one generation to the next will remind constant
No migration, mating is random, no gene mutations, no selection for particular gene
Should be a large population, should be random

17
Q

Mono hybrid inheritance

A

Inheritance of a single gene which determines a single characteristic
Gametes are indicated by drawing a circle around allele
Fusion of gametes is random

18
Q

Dominant characteristic rules for pedigree charts

A

Affected offspring must have at least one affected parent
Unaffected parents only have one unaffected offspring
If both parents are affected and have unaffected offspring , both parents must be heterozygous
Unaffected parents can face affected offspring if heterozygous.

19
Q

sex linked

A

Controlled by a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes
A female needs two copies of a recessive allele for it to appear in the phenotype but a male only needs 1

20
Q

Sex linked rules

A

If a daughter is affected her father is not, it is recessive and not sex linked
If a son is affected and mum is not and it is dominant, then not sex linked

21
Q

Dihybrid inheritance

A

Two genes either can be on different chromosomes or linked on the same chromosome

22
Q

Autosomal linkage

A

Non-sex linked genes - not directly involved in determining the sex, genes are on same chromosome

23
Q

What increases the chance of independent segregation occurring?

A

The further the genes are apart- produces different variations on the chromosome.

24
Q

What is the ratio for autosomal linkage if no crossing over occurs

A

3:1
All linked genes remain together and end up on the same gamete.

25
Q

What is a linkage group

A

Set of genes on the same chromosome which tend to be inherited together

26
Q

What is epistatis

A

Interaction between two genes where one allele influences the expression of another. Can also occur in the expression of genes that control metabolic pathways