Research methods yr 2 Flashcards
what are the three factors used to determine what statistical test is appropriate
difference or correlation
what experimental design is used
the level of measurement
what statistical test should be used with an independant groups, nominal data and test of difference
chi-squared
what statistical test should be used with a test of difference, independant groups and ordinal data
mann- whitney
what statistical test should be used with a test of difference, independant groups and interval data
unrelated t-test
what statistical test should be used with a test of difference, repeated measures and nominal data
sign test
what statistical test should be used with test of difference, related design and ordinal data
wilcoxon
what statistical test should be used with a related design and interval data, test of difference
related t-test
what statistical test should be used for a correlation and nominal data
chi-squared
what statistical test should be used with a correlation and ordinal data
spearmans rho
what statistical test should be used with interval data and a correlation
pearsons r
what is nominal data
data presented in categories and frequencies eg. number of times rat pressed the lever (fixed choice question)
what is ordinal data
data that is categorised and ranked, often subjective. eg score on a self rating questionnaire, compared to other individuals. (rating scales + likert scales)
what is interval data
data that is categorised, ranked and has equal intervals eg. time taken to complete a quiz. is objective and standardised
when would it be required to turn interval data to ordinal
when u dont have equal distribution
how do you turn interval data to ordinal
give the data a rank
which tests are parametric tests
unrelated t-test, related t-test and pearsons R
what is the criteria of a parametric test
normal distribution, interval data, equal distribution for both sets of data
what does probability mean
a measurement of the likelihood a particular event will occur, 0= statistical impossibility, 1= statistical certainty
what is the 3 criteria used for judging which critical value to use
one tailed or two tailed
number of participants
level of significance
what are the 3 measures of central tendancy
mode
median
mean
what does p= 0.05 mean
there is a 5% possibility results are due to chance, 95% sure that results are due to a true difference/ correlation
what is a type 1 error
false positive - null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected
what is a type II error
false negative - null hypothesis incorrectly accepted
what is a one tailed test
directional hypothesis
what is a two tailed hypothesis
non directional hypothesis
when are u most likely to make a type I error
when significance level is too high (too leniant)
when are u most likely to make a type II error
when significance level is too low (too stringent)
what are the features that make a theory scientific
- empiricle evidence that can be replicated
- hypothesis that can be generated and tested
- objective outcomes meaning findings are not due to bias
- the theory is falsifiable ( can be proven correct or incorrect)
why can psychology be considered a prescience
there are some subjective topics eg. freuds psychodynamic approach, humanistic approach which conflicts with other scientific approaches eg. biological
what is a paradigm shift
when there is enough evidence generated that contradicts a held view
what is an example of a paradigm shift
phrenology - is the idea that the shape of the brain and indents causes personality. First evidence to refute is post mortem exam eg. phineas gage leison in left frontanl lobe caused personality change. Idea of localisation. later biological developments such as beain scans pose idea that personality is combination of nature and nurture.
what does falsified mean
Falsification does not mean something is false; rather that if it is false, then this can be shown by observation or experimentation. Scientific theories should be falsifiable. Some theories in psychology are not falsifiable.