Week 13: Conflict and Applications Flashcards
What is genuine peace?
Outcome of managed conflict - reconciling perceived differences to reach agreement
More than the suppression of open conflict
What are the causes of conflict?
- social dilemmas: Prisoner’s Dilemma, Tragedy of the Commons
- competition, perceived injustice, misperception
What are the 4 ways of achieveing peace?
4 C’s
- contact: imagining
- cooperation: group identities, bicultural identity
- communication
- conciliation
What is the Prisoner’s Dilemma game?
The prisoner’s dilemma presents a situation where two parties, separated and unable to communicate, must each choose between cooperating with the other or not. The highest reward for each party occurs when both parties choose to co-operate.
The paradox of the prisoner’s dilemma is this: both robbers can minimize the total jail time that the two of them will do only if they both co-operate and stay silent (two years total), but the incentives that they each face separately will always drive them each to defect and end up doing the maximum total jail time between the two of them of six years total.
What is the Tragedy of the Commons?
Any shared resource which individual use more than their share; an economic problem where the individual consumes a resource at the expense of society
Metaphor for the insidious nature of social dilemmas (Hardin, 1968)
How do we resolve social dilemmas?
- Regulation
- Small is beautiful
- Communication
- Changing payoffs
- Appeals to altruistic norms
What are the 3 definitions of justice?
Justice as equity - distribution of rewards in proportion to contributions
Justice as equality - equal distribution of rewards to all individuals
Justice as fulfillment of needs - distribution of rewards based on need
What are the 3 causes of mirror-image perceptions?
- Mirror-image perceptions
- Simplistic thinking
- Shifting perceptions
What are the two ways that contact achieves peace?
Contact predicting attitudes
* tolerance: decreased prejudice
* especially for majority group towards minority
Contact improving attitudes
* exception of self-segregation
Imagining contact shown to be effective
Why does contact work to achieve peace?
- Reducing anxiety
- Increasing empathy
- Humanizing others
- Decreasing perceived threats
How does cooperation achieve peace?
- Common external threats build cohesiveness
- Superordinate goals foster cooperation
- Cooperative learning improves racial attitudes
- creates a group identity
How does the strength of Majority Group Identifcation and Ethnic Group Identifcation impact one identity?
MGI; EGI -> Identity
strong; strong -> bicultural
strong, weak -> assimilated
weak; strong -> separated
weak; weak -> marginal
How does communication achieve peace?
- Bargaining
- Mediation
- Arbitration
How does concliation achieve peace?
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension reduction (GRIT) - one side initiates small, de-escalatory actions, after announcing conciliatory intent
