The bottom-up approach- FORENSICS Flashcards
- where does the bottom-up approach happen
-how does it work
- in the UK
- works by focusing on crime scene, the use of investigative psychology, building a picture from facts and figures from previous crimes of the same type—-> removes intuition element
- analysis of behaviour and social interactions of the offender and victim
what is:
1- interpersonal coherence
2-significance of time and place
3-criminal characteristics
4-criminal career
5-forensic awareness
1= actions displayed by offender will be the norm to him/her
2= timing and position of crimes gives clues to where offender works/lives
3=analysis of crimes helps in classifying categories and identifying patterns of behaviour
4=crimes may increase as offenders confidence grows
5=offenders may be aware of police techniques and will cover their tracks
What are the 4 features of geographical profiling?
1= LOCATEDNESS
- where victim is killed, where body is disposed of
2= SYSTEMATIC CRIME LOCATION CHOICE
- locations aren’t random
3= CENTRALITY
- commuters travel to commit the crime, marauders commit crimes close to home
4= COMPARATIVE CASE ANALYSIS
- other crimes should be considered as being committed by the same person
- more crimes committed by one person, the greater the accuracy of the profile
—–> then use a computer system to create a 3D model called a jeopardy surface, provides indication as to where offender may live and work
AO3 geographical profiling- STRENGTHS
- based on research and statistical likelihood, more scientific than top-down, intuition removed, more reliable
- method can be widely applied across many types of crime not just violent offences
- supporting evidence= David Canter created a psychological profile that led to the capture of the ‘Railway rapist’ and serial killer John Duffy—> application in the real world
AO3- geographical profiling- LIMITATIONS
- requires statistical information from previous crimes, isn’t easy to gather
- while it is important, there are other considerations that have to be made like psychological characteristics
-concentrates on location, could miss important info if used in isolation
AO3- generic offender profiling
- there has been successful profiling cases like Arthur Shawcross, John Duffy
but….
ALBERT DE SALVO
- Boston strangler
- profile= male homosexual, school teacher, lives alone
- reality= heterosexual, construction worker, living with family
PINIZZOTO
- of 192 cases in which profiles were used, profiling contributed to identification of suspect in only 15 of the solved cases
BARTOL
- profiling is 90% art and speculation, 10% science
COPSON AND HOLLOWAY
- profiling led to identification in less than 3% of 184 cases they studied