Chapter 19 - Metabolism Flashcards
(39 cards)
Calorie:
unit of Energy, the amount of energy need to raise 1g of water by 1C
Kcal:
1000 calories (C),
Caloric value of proteins, Carbs, and Fats:
4 kCals/g
carbs: 4 kCals/g
fats: 9 kCals/g
BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate):
How many calories do you need just to stay alive and stay awake. This ranges from 1300 to 5000 kCals daily. BMR is determined by age, sex, body surface area, and level of thyroid secretion.
Anabolism:
to Build up, Anabolic reactions include those that synthesize DNA and RNA, protein, glycogen, triglycerides, and others. Must occur consistently to replace those molecules that are hydrolyzed.
Catabolism:
to Break down, the hydrolysis reactions (anabolic) break down the monomers to CO2 and water.
turn over rates:
This is the rate at which a particular molecule is broken down and resythesized. E.G. the Daily rate that CHOs is 250 g/day.
essential amino acids:
There are 9 in children and 8 in adults. Must have in diet because we cannot produce (synthesized) them. Lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, and histidine.
essential fatty acids:
Two that we need to eat: Linoleic acid (corn) & linolenic Acid (canola).
What are the fat soluble vitamins:
A, D, E, and K
What are the water-soluble vitamins:
Serves at the coenzymes in the metabolism of CHOs, Lipids, and Proteins. These are: Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Panothenice Acid, Biotin, Folic Acid, B12, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
What are the minerals and trace minerals? Minerals are needed as cofactors for specific enzymes and for a wide variety of other critical functions. Ones required daily in large amounts: Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, and Cl. Trace elements are ingested in microgram amounts up to 30 mg. Eg: Fe, Zn, Mn, Fl, Cu, Molybedenum, Chromium, and Selenium.
Minerals are needed as cofactors for specific enzymes and for a wide variety of other critical functions. Ones required daily in large amounts: Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, and Cl. Trace elements are ingested in microgram amounts up to 30 mg. Eg: Fe, Zn, Mn, Fl, Cu, Molybedenum, Chromium, and Selenium.
What are “free radicals”?
Highly reactive molecules that carry and unpaired electron. These can damage the tissues by removing an electron from, and thus oxidizing, other molecules.
What are Antioxidants?
These inactive free radicals, the vitamins may afford protection against some of the diseases that may be cause by free radicals. E.G. Vitamin C (W-S V) and Vitamin E (F-S V).
What are the “preferred energy sources” for different organs?
Each organ Preferred energy Sources. Brain: glucose. Skeletal Muscles: fatty acids. Ketones bodies, lactic acid, and amino acids can be used to different degrees as energy sources by various organs. Plasma usually contains adequate concentration of all of these.
Calculate your own BMI:
BMI w/h2 (w= weight in kilograms (pound divided by 2.2) (h= height in meters (inches divide by 39.4). 22.8 (NORMAL)
W=150/2.2 = 68.2kg H=1.77/39.4 = 0.045
What do “absorptive state, postabsorptive and fasting state mean”?
Absorptive State: absorption of energy carries from the intestine is not continuous; it rises to high level over a 4-hour period follow a meal. The Tapers toward zero and between meals, after each absorptive state has ended is Post absorptive and fasting state.
From table 19.5, be able to describe the effect that insulin, glucagon and epinephrine have on: blood glucose levels, and on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism.
See page 650
IN my lecture I told you that: insulin tells cells to ___________________, and glucagon and epinephrine tell cells to ______________:
Price Law #5: Insulin tells cells to take up and store energy molecules. Glucagon tells cells to break down those stored molecules and release them for energy. Glucagon = Epinephrine (on liver & adipose cells)
What are the stimuli for the release (or inhibition) of insulin and glucagon?
2 things stimulates the release of insulin: raise in blood sugar stimulates beta cells to cause release of insulin that takes up the increased sugar in blood from flood. Parasympathetic nervous system.
2 things that stimulus for release of Glucagon: low blood sugar levels, and sympathetic nervous system.
What is the normal range of blood glucose levels?
The normal range during the absorption of a meal is between 140 and 150 mg/dl. During fasting this number I s 65 to 105 mg/dl.
How is it that an “oral glucose tolerance test” can distinguish D. Mellitus? Pg. 653
The oral glucose tolerance test is a measure of the ability of the beta cells to secrete insulin and of the ability of insulin to lower blood glucose. A person drinks a glucose solution and blood samples are taken periodically for plasma glucose measurements. In a normal person, the rise in blood glucose produced by drinking this solution is reserved to normal levels within 2 hours following glucose ingestion. In contrast, the plasma glucose concentration remains at 200 mg/dl or higher 2 hours after the oral glucose challenge in a person with diabetes mellitus.
Be able to give all of the names for the 2 types of D. Mellitus and other info about these 2 types. (Sugar Diabetes)
Type 1: Early onset (juvenile)– dependent on insulin. Insulin depended Diabetes mellitus. Autoimmune disease: virus infects beta cells & affects their ability to update insulin.
Type 2: Adult onset – Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Epidemic associated with being overweight & obese.
Type 1: Early onset (juvenile)– dependent on insulin. Insulin depended Diabetes mellitus. Autoimmune disease: virus infects beta cells & affects their ability to update insulin.
Type 2: Adult onset – Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Epidemic associated with being overweight & obese.
Describe the effects of the catecholamines on metabolism. (see also # 8 above) Pg. 660, Fig 19.1
Epinephrine & norepinephine, stimulate glycogenolysis and release of glucose from liver, as well as lipolysis. Occur in response to glucagon during fasting and in response to the fight of flight reaction. Beta-adrenergic receptors.
