explainations for forgetting - retrieval failure

Question 1

retrieval failure

Answer 1

don’t have the necessary cues to access memory. memory is available but not accessible until there is a suitable cue

Question 2

who found the encoding specificity principle

Answer 2

tulving in 1983

Question 3

encoding specificity principle

Answer 3

• cues have to be present at coding and present at retrieval
• if there is a different cue present= forgetting

Question 4

when are cues used

Answer 4

in mnemonic techniques

Question 5

context dependant forgetting

Answer 5

recall depends on external cue

Question 6

state dependant forgetting

Answer 6

recall depends on internal cue

Question 7

who conducted research on context dependant forgetting

Answer 7

godden and baddeley - 1975

Question 8

context dependant fogetting research procedure

Answer 8

divers learnt and recalled a list of words either: learnt on land-recalled on land, learnt on land-recalled underwater, learnt underwater-recalled on land, learnt underwater-recalled underwater

Question 9

findings for diver experiment

Answer 9

recall was 40% lower in non-matching environments
different ext. cues at learning and recall= retrieval failure

Question 10

who conducted research on state dependant forgetting

Answer 10

Carter and Cassaday - 1998

Question 11

state dependant forgetting procedure

Answer 11

• antihistamines used to make participants feel drowsy
• learnt and recalled list of words either: learnt on drug-recalled on drug, learnt on drug-recalled without drug, learnt without drug-recalled on drug, learnt without drug-recalled without drug

Question 12

drug experiment findings

Answer 12

• if there was a mismatch in the internal state at learning and recall, performance on the test was lower
• if cues are absent, increases chance of forgetting

Question 13

strength - real world applications

Answer 13

• retrieval cues can overcome some forgetting in everyday situations
• to reverse forgetting, try and recall initial environment where learning occurred
  research reminds us of strategies used in everyday to recall info

Question 14

strength - research support

Answer 14

range of research to support retrieval failure showing that it occurs in everyday life and the lab

Question 15

who conducted negative research support

Answer 15

baddeley 1997

Question 16

limitation - negative research support

Answer 16

• context effects are not strong especially in everyday life
• very different contexts only have an effect
• retrieval failure due to low contextual cues may not explain everyday forgetting

Question 17

which study was repeated to test context effects

Answer 17

• godden and baddeley (1980)
• replicated underwater test with recognition of a word, not recall
• no context dependent effect, performance was the same in all four groups

Question 18

recall vs recognition limitation

Answer 18

• context effects may depend on type of memory being tested
• godden and baddeley replication of divers with recognition
• retrieval failure limited explanation for forgetting, only applies for recall