Search and Seizure Flashcards

1
Q

The Fourth Amendment protects an expectation of privacy that must be both _____ and _____.

A

Reasonable - Legitimate

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2
Q

An investigative detention based on reasonable suspicion is strictly limited to _____ minutes (see Nevada Revised Statute [NRS] 171.123[4]). Any detention beyond _____ minutes is a de facto arrest and requires probable cause to justify.

A

60

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3
Q

Objective words or actions that clearly show a person has disclaimed ownership, dominion, and control over real or personal property.

A

Abandonment

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4
Q

These are “policy justified” searches that do not require reasonable suspicion or probable cause; however, the intrusion in such cases must be brief and slight, and the determination of who to stop must be made according to some articulable, non-arbitrary standard and comply with NRS 484B.570.

A

Administrative Checkpoint

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5
Q

A warrant issued by a judge on the application of an administrative agency. Administrative agencies with enforcement powers seek administrative warrants to search for contraband or other evidence of non- compliance with the law.

A

Administrative Search Warrant

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6
Q

A protocol requiring officers to announce their authority and purpose before entering a premises, allowing a reasonable amount of time for occupants to comply. Officers may do this using a ruse, bullhorn, public address (PA) system, etc.

A

Announce and Wait

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7
Q

The taking of a person into custody in a manner allowed by law. An _____
may be made by a peace officer or by a private person (see NRS 171.104). It is a show of authority by an officer, in words or actions or both, which would cause a reasonable person to think they were being deprived of their liberty more than temporarily (i.e., more than an investigative detention), and involves either:
1. Submission by the subject to the officer’s show of authority, or
2. An actual physical touching that places the subject under the control
of the officer.

A

Arrest

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8
Q

The collection of a blood sample to determine the presence of drugs or alcohol when submitted for laboratory analysis. This sample may be obtained with consent, a search warrant or, on rare occasions, without a search warrant if exigent circumstances exist.

A

Blood Draw

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9
Q

Any search involving the internal physical examination of the body. The search must be performed with a search warrant and by a physician or, other medically trained personnel. NRS 179.063 defines a _____ _____ _____ as a touching or probing of the rectum or vagina of a female person, or the rectum of a male person, regardless of whether there is actual penetration. LVMPD further defines a body cavity as any internal organ.

A

Body Cavity Search

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10
Q

An exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement based on the public’s expectation that law enforcement may take action to save life or render aid.

A

Community Caretaking Doctrine

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11
Q

A non-criminal encounter with a citizen or vehicle that is intended for law enforcement to investigate a serious medical concern or other life safety issues (i.e., Legal 2000).

A

Community Caretaking Search

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12
Q

A completely voluntary police interaction with members of the public, requiring no legal justification for the interaction, where a reasonable person would feel free to disregard the police and go about their business.

A

Consensual Encounter

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13
Q

Entry by invitation by a person with standing.

A

Consensual Entry

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14
Q

Agreement, approval, or permission to act. A person giving _____ must do so freely and voluntarily. A person _____ must: (1) be informed (tell the subject what is being searched for); (2) not be coerced; (3) have actual authority or apparent authority (“standing”); and (4) have the ability to revoke _____ at any time during the search.

A

Consent - Consenting - Consent

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15
Q

Area(s) near a residence where the residents have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Considerations in determining whether an area is _____ and subject to the protections of the Fourth Amendment are: (1) proximity of the area to the home; (2) whether the area is included in an enclosure which surrounds a home; (3) nature of uses to which an area is put; (4) steps taken to protect the area from observation from passers-by. The legal protection associated with _____ is always determined in favor of the property owner, not law enforcement.

A

Curtilage - Curtilage

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16
Q

Refers to the service of a search warrant where officers enter premises with speed and versatility, employing surprise tactics and elements to ensure safety and effectiveness.

A

Dynamic Search Warrant Service

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17
Q

A method for obtaining a search warrant that uses the internet to send and receive a search warrant application and affidavit to/from a judge. For security purposes, only an LVMPD-approved method of transmission is permitted.

A

Electronic Search Warrant

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18
Q

A warrantless entry into a home when an emergency exists and there is a need to render aid or to protect an individual from immediate harm from themselves or others.

A

Emergency Aid Exception

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19
Q

A sample of blood that is obtained to determine the presence of drugs, or alcohol, to obtain DNA, or conduct communicable disease testing. This sample may be obtained with consent or a search warrant, or when the officer can articulate exigent circumstances.

A

Evidentiary Blood Sample

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20
Q

A time-critical exception to the search warrant requirement for the purpose of acting on an investigative emergency, based on probable cause for a criminal investigation. Police cannot create the _____ _____ or use a ruse to affect a warrantless search.

A

Exigent Circumstance

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21
Q

Entry into a structure or vehicle that requires a tool or use of force to gain entry and may cause damage to the structure or vehicle. A “tool” includes a ram, Halligan tool, etc.

A

Force Entry

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22
Q

A sample of blood that is obtained using reasonable force and is used to determine the presence of drugs, alcohol, to obtain DNA, or to conduct communicable disease testing. This type of blood draw will occur only with a search warrant and after a person has refused to provide samples in compliance with a search warrant and has been informed the search warrant authorizes the use of reasonable force to collect the blood
sample.

A

Force Evidentiary Blood Sample

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23
Q

Occurs when there is probable cause that a person, who is wanted for a serious felony, is inside a home or other private place and is about to flee.

A

Fresh Pursuit

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24
Q

An electronic device designed to provide approximate geographic location information.

A

GPS Tracker

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25
Q

An authorized search of a location where the potential for danger to law enforcement personnel or occupants is elevated due to the presence of an armed and/or violent occupant(s), volatile circumstances, and/or criminal activities that pose a threat to public safety. Elements to consider include unknown or violent criminal history associated with person(s) present, premises is fortified, suicidal occupant(s), seriousness of the crime being investigated, and other factors that may indicate an increased risk of danger.

A

High-Risk Search Warrant

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26
Q

A sub-category of “exigent circumstances” allowing entry into a structure
when there is probable cause to believe a dangerous person has
committed a serious felony. The suspect is fleeing from law enforcement
and the officer has direct knowledge of the suspect’s location.

A

Hot Pursuit

27
Q

Reasonable suspicion stop, also known as a “Terry stop,” is a seizure of a person for no more than 60 minutes, with the limited scope and purpose of conducting an investigation and for which a police officer must have
reasonable suspicion that a person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a crime (NRS 171.123).

A

Investigative Detention

28
Q

A warrantless search that requires probable cause to: (1) prevent the destruction of evidence of a serious felony offense, or; (2) effect a warrantless arrest of a violent or dangerous suspect who officers have probable cause to believe committed a serious felony or violent offense and may escape if not immediately apprehended, or; (3) hot or fresh pursuit.

A

Investigative Emergency Search

29
Q

An act, prohibited by this policy (see the Obtaining a Search Warrant section), described as soliciting a second judge after an initial judge refuses to authorize a search warrant.

A

Judge Shopping

30
Q

Any vehicle operating or capable of operating on public streets or highways, including automobiles, trucks, trailers, recreational vehicles, mobile homes, motor homes, motorcycles, and any other type of vehicle
whether self-propelled or towed.

A

Motor Vehicle

31
Q

A request for an order contained within the body of a search warrant that authorizes an affiant to serve a search warrant at any time of the day or night.

A

Nighttime Service Request

32
Q

A search warrant that authorizes a peace officer to enter a premises without first: (1) knocking on the door or ringing the doorbell and identifying the presence of the peace officer; or (2) identifying the presence of the peace officer and stating the intended purpose of the peace officer for entering the premises.

A

No-Knock Search Warrant

33
Q

What a person knowingly exposes to the public is not protected by the Fourth Amendment no matter where the exposure takes place. It does not justify a warrantless seizure.

A

Open View

34
Q

An open hand contact of a subject’s outer clothing to detect weapons on a person or contained within items “immediately associated with a person” (e.g., purse, backpack, etc.). The “_____ _____” is based on reasonable
suspicion or articulable facts that the person may be armed with a dangerous weapon and is a threat to the safety of the officer.

A

Pat-Down

35
Q

A search conducted of items that are transported to a detention facility as personal property. An inventory is not a search for evidence of a crime but is justified to protect an owner’s property while it is in custody of the police to ensure against claims of lost or stolen property, and to protect the police and the community from danger. Inventories must be done to standardized criteria which limits officer discretion and ensures that it is
not a guise for a general exploratory search.

A

Personal Property Inventory

36
Q

An additional warrant acquired following or during the service of a primary warrant. It is based on evidence found during the execution of the primary warrant that would exceed the scope of the primary warrant if seized.

A

Piggyback Warrant

37
Q

If during a pat down the officer feels an item that is not suspected to be a weapon but is immediately apparent without manipulation from the mass and shape that the item is probably contraband, the officer can legally seize the item.

A

Plain Feel

38
Q

An exception to the search warrant requirement that must satisfy these conditions: (1) the officer must be in a position where there is a legal right to be; (2) the items must be immediately recognizable as contraband or
evidence; and (3) the seizure must be made without substantial additional intrusion.

A

Plain View

39
Q

Entry into premises, with probable cause but without a search warrant, for the purpose of clearing persons and securing the premises in anticipation of obtaining a search warrant. No search or seizure of items will occur prior to the search warrant being issued. A _____ _____ will not be used as a planned investigative technique.

A

Premise Freeze

40
Q

Exists when the facts and circumstances known to an officer would warrant a prudent person in believing that a crime had been committed and that the accused had committed it.

A

Probable Cause to Arrest

41
Q

A “fair probability” that the items sought to be seized will be contained in the premises sought to be searched.

A

Probable Cause to Search

42
Q

A quick and limited search of premises for the safety of officers and others. It must be narrowly confined to a cursory visual inspection of those places in which a person might be hiding.

A

Protective Sweep

43
Q

Specific and articulable facts or circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime has been, is being, or is about to be committed.

A

Reasonable Suspicion

44
Q

A court order issued upon a showing of “good cause” to protect the contents of an application and affidavit for a search warrant until a criminal complaint or indictment is filed or a court otherwise orders the application and affidavit for a search warrant unsealed.

A

Sealing Order

45
Q

A police intrusion on a reasonable and legitimate expectation of privacy.

A

Search

46
Q

A complete search of the arrestee. The search of the arrestee must be conducted at the time of arrest or immediately thereafter when the officer deems it safe to do so. The search should be more thorough than a patdown and will consist of removing all items from the arrestee’s pockets, shoes, socks, etc.

A

Search Incident to Arrest of a Person

47
Q

An order used in conjunction with a written application and affidavit directing officers to search particular places and/or seize persons or things.

A

Search Warrant

48
Q

A police interference with an individual’s freedom of movement by means of physical force or show of authority or meaningful interference with an individual’s possessory interests in property.

A

Seizure

49
Q

Authority, apparent authority, dominion, control and access to the place or items searched.

A

Standing

50
Q

A search of an individual requiring the removal of clothing to permit the visual inspection of private areas of the body.

A

Strip Search

51
Q

A search by a government agent, without justification, that constitutes an unreasonable intrusion into an area protected by the Fourth Amendment including a person’s residence, curtilage, vehicle, papers, or effects.

A

Trespass by Government Agents

52
Q

No person is reasonably believed to be present when officers enter the structure. The affiant will be prepared to articulate what investigative means were utilized to determine the structure was reasonably believed to be unoccupied.

A

Unoccupied Structure

53
Q

The _____ of a vehicle is based on reasonable suspicion or articulable facts that a person may have immediate access to a dangerous weapon and is a threat to the safety of the officer. The _____ must be confined to the areas of the vehicle where the person has access, and the officer may only enter unlocked compartments or areas where a weapon may be present.

A

(Vehicle Frisk) Frisk - Frisk

54
Q

An examination of all or a portion of a vehicle with either an investigatory motive (e.g., for the purpose of discovering fruits, instrumentalities, evidence of a crime, contraband, or to enter the vehicle to examine the
vehicle identification number [VIN] or determine ownership of the vehicle) or without an investigatory motive as in inventories of personal property conducted in conjunction with an impoundment of the vehicle.

A

Vehicle Search

55
Q

_____ entry into a residence is not permitted under the Community Caretaking Doctrine.

A

Warrantless

56
Q

The emergency aid exception is a recognized exception to a warrant requirement and allows officers to make a _____ entry to summon emergency medical assistance or to protect an occupant from imminent bodily harm.

A

Warrantless

57
Q

There are three levels of police interaction for the purpose of criminal investigation: (1) _____ _____, which is completely voluntary and for which a police officer needs no justification; (2) the _____ _____ or _____ _____, which is a seizure of no more than 60 minutes (NRS 171.123) with limited scope and purpose for conducting an investigation and for which a police officer must have reasonable suspicion the person being detained is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a crime, and; (3) the ____ for which a police officer must have probable cause.

A

Consensual Encounter
Investigative Detention or Terry Stop
Arrest

58
Q

There are two types of traffic offenses: _____ and _____.

A

Primary
Secondary

59
Q

Officers may seize _____, _____/_____, _____, and _____ as part of their routine duties.

A

Persons
Residences/Structures
Vehicles
Property

60
Q

A pat down (frisk of a person) is limited to the recovery of weapons that may pose a risk to officer safety. It may be conducted by any officer who has reasonable suspicion to believe that the person who has been detained, pursuant to an investigative detention, may be _____ and _____.

A

Armed
Dangerous

61
Q

If a vehicle is _____ _____ and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband or evidence, the Fourth Amendment permits officers to search the vehicle.

A

Readily Mobile

62
Q

Prior to allowing persons to re-enter a vehicle on a traffic or vehicle stop, an officer may conduct a frisk of the vehicle for weapons. The officer must be able to articulate _____ _____ that a weapon is contained inside the vehicle.

A

Reasonable Suspicion

63
Q

An officer who is legally present in a structure may conduct a protective sweep if there is _____ _____ to believe there is a threat to safety from a person in the structure.

A

Reasonable Suspicion