Pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the bronchi

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2
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the bronchioles

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3
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the alveoli

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4
Q

Which immune cells are initially recruited in an infection of pneumonia?

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

Which chemokine is released during pneumonia infections of the lung that causes the rapid recruitment within inflammation?

A

IL-8

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6
Q

Which immune cells are resident within the alveoli?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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7
Q

Which immune cells accumulate in prolonged inflammation?

A

T-lymphocytes
Macrophages
Monocytes

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8
Q

What are the risk factors for pneumonia?

A

Age > 65 years or <2 years
Cigarette smoking
Excess alcohol consumption

Contact with children, overcrowding, poverty,

Inhaled corticosteroids, immunosuppressants
proton pump inhibitors

COPD, asthma, heart and liver disease, diabetes mellitus, HIV

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9
Q

What are the main symptoms of pneumonia?

A
Productive cough
Right sided pleuritic chest pain &amp; lack of lucidity
Fever
Tachypnoea
Low oxygen saturation 
Crepitations
Low diastolic blood pressure
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10
Q

What criteria is used to determine the severity of a pneumonia infection?

A

CR-65 assessment

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11
Q

What does a chest x-ray show in patients with pneumonia?

A

Right upper lobe airspace opacity with consolidation pattern
Sharp demarcation along the right minor fissure inferiorly with extension into hilum

Bilateral blurring of the costo-phrenic recess in the pleural cavity consistent with an effusion.

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12
Q

What does bilateral blurring on a chest X-ray suggest in an individual with pneumonia?

A

Indicates fluid and potentially cellular infiltration into the alveolar space of the right upper lung and potentially fluid in the pleura

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13
Q

What type of bacteria is streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Gram positive bacterium

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14
Q

What treatment is typically administered for an individual with streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

7 day course of amoxicillin and clarithromycin

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15
Q

How do beta-lactams work in gram positive pneumonia infections?

A
  • A gram-positive bacterium susceptible to beta-lactams that bind to proteins in the bacterial cell wall to prevent transpeptidation and bacterial replication.
  • Macrolide prescribed to ensure successful treatment.
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16
Q

What type of bacteria is chlamydia pneumoniae?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

17
Q

Which antibiotics are prescribed for patients presenting with a chlamydia pneumoniae infection?

A

Macrolides, clarithromycin is prescribed, inhibiting the 50s ribosomal subunit limiting protein synthesis

18
Q

Why is longer courses of treatment prescribed for c.Pneumonia?

A

Atypical bacteria have slower replication cycles, therefore longer treatment courses are recommended compared to typical bacteria.

19
Q

What is walking pneumonia?

A

Walking pneumonia: Atypical bacteria cause milder and more prolonged symptoms due to their slower replication rate.

20
Q

What is the most appropriate treatment for accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity?

A

Invasive mechanical ventilation
CPAP
VAC-ECMO

21
Q

Which corticosteroid is prescribed for severe cases of pneuomonia infections?

A

Dexamethasone