1. Introduction to Health Psychology Flashcards

Defining Health, Biopsychosocial Model, Overview & History

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1
Q

Definition of health?

A

Health is a state of complete well-being, including
- Physical
- Mental/Emotional
- Social

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2
Q

Health is no longer considered only the…?

A

Absence of disease.
Reflecting a change go going beyond the biomedical model.

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3
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific study of behaviour and mind.

Includes:
- Cognition
- Emotion
- Motivation
- Action

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4
Q

What is Health Psychology?

A

The scientific study of how health and psychology intersect.

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5
Q

Quote by Joseph Matarazzo

“Health psychology is the aggregate of the educational, scientific, and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to”: ??? (4)

A
  • The promotion and maintenance of health
  • The prevention and treatment of illness
  • The identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction
  • The improvement of the health care system
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6
Q

What is the Biopsychosocial Model?

A

Health (including disease and illness) us best understood from a combination of biological, psychological, and social perspectives.

Rather than a purely biological perspective.

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7
Q

The Mind-Body Connection?

A

Inherent to the biopsychosocial model is an assumption of complex mind-body relationship.

Consider: Is “connection” the right word? Maybe we should say the mind-body system

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8
Q

The Medical Renaissance (1400-1700)?

A

Attempts were made to break away from superstitions of past centuries: this paved the way for modern medicine.

Physicians healed the body. Physical evidence was the sole basis for diagnosis.

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9
Q

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and Cartesian Dualism?

A

The mind and the body are made of distinct substances and exist independently.

Had a lasting impact on medicine.

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10
Q

Biomedical Reductionism?

A

Reductionism in medicine ensued that every disease process could be explained in terms of an underlying deviation from normal function.
-> pathogen, genetic or developmental abnormality, or injury.

The Biomedical Model.

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11
Q

Changing patterns of illness?

A

With advances in technology and medicine, the development of antibiotics and vaccines, and improved sanitation, nutrition, and personal hygiene, the leading causes of death shifted from…

Acute Infectious Disease (influence virus pneumonia) to Chronic Conditions (heart disease, hypertension)

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12
Q

Life expectancy in Canada 1921 to 2011?

A

Increased life expectancy at birth

Average life expectancy in 2022 81 years, vs. 55 years in 1921

And dropped in in fact mortality rates

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13
Q

10 Leading causes of death in Canada, 2022?

A
  • Cancer 24.7%
  • Diseases of the Heart 17.2%
  • Covid 5.9%
  • Accidents 5.5%
  • Stroke 4.2%
  • Lower Respiratory 3.7%
  • Diabetes 2.3%
  • Influenza and Pneumonia 1.5%
  • Alzheimer 1.6%
  • Liver Disease 1.4%
  • Everything else 31.7%
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14
Q

What 4 variations are important to note for the 10 leading causes of death?

A

Age
- Variations occur by age group (young people get in more accidents, older more cancer)
Region
Class
Ethnicity

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15
Q

The move from acute infectious diseases to chronic conditions created why a need for a new model?

A
  • Lack of known cures and quick fixes.
  • Can live with them, but quality of life is affected
  • Require expensive healthcare

The biomedical model has had limited success in these regards.

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16
Q

The need for a new model - Engel’s? (1977)

A

Engel’s biopsychosocial model proposed a more holistic approach to medicine and psychiatry. It underscored the importance of psychological and social factors in health and encouraged better dialogue between patients are care providers.

17
Q

Mention some biological aspects of the biopsychosocial model?

A

Genetics
anatomy
Physiology
Age
Immune Funcitoning
Nutrition
Medications
Disease
Disorder

18
Q

Mention some psychological aspects of the biopsychosocial model?

A

Personality
Self-Efficacy
Personal Control
Optimistic Bias
Stress Perception
Coping Skills
Dieat & Exercise
Risky Behaviours
Med. Adherence

19
Q

Mention some social aspects of the biopsychosocial model?

A

Gender
Status/Income
Ethnicity/Race
Culture
Discrimination
Health Disparities
Caregiving
Social Support
Soul Networks

20
Q

The BPS applied to COVID-19?

A

Ask for notes

Psychological, protective mesures related to empathy etc??

21
Q

3 common criticisms of the BPS model?

A
  1. Unclear boundaries between biology, psychology, and society, which means that it may be difficult to define their relationships.
  2. The model is too inclusive, offering an unscientific “fluffy” and pluralistic approach to health in which “anything goes”.
  3. Adoption of the model in health care is limited by physicians’ knowledge/training (they can’t be experts in everything).
22
Q

What is this quote alluding to?

“Living systems have come to be seen as systems (of which mind and body are a unit) which are integral parts of larger systems, in permanent interaction with their environment…” (Mehta, 2011)

A

sociocultural factors

The World ->
- Social & Env. System

Psych. System ->
- Experience & Behaviours

Bio System ->
- Genes & Physiology

23
Q

Moving forwards keep in mind these important lessons from psychology (3)?

A
  1. Person-situation interaction should always be considered.
    - Contextual factors always matter in behaviour/experience!
  2. Causal density is high.
    - In human behaviour/experience, there are numerous causal variables at play (i.e., there’s rarely ever one simple explanation for a given outcome).
  3. Human behaviour is complex!
    - There are no rules or laws; do not assume that a finding applies to everyone equally, or that a variable will always have the same effect.
24
Q

Key terms to know - Disease?

A

An abnormal condition affecting an organism or part of an organism; due to infection, injury/trauma, behaviour, etc.

e.g., heart disease, influenza

25
Q

Key terms to know - Illness?

A

Feelings that might come with having a disease. Feelings like pain, fatigue, weakness, etc. - the reasons people seek care.

26
Q

Key terms to know - Disorder?

A

An abnormality of function; due to genetic abnormalities, behaviours, stressors, etc. Similar to disease.

e.g., cystic fibrosis, deafness

27
Q

Key terms to know - Syndrome?

A

A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or increased risk.

e.g. metabolic syndrome, AIDS

28
Q

Key terms to know - Mortality?

A

Incidence of death in a population. In general or due to a specific cause (in a given period of time).

29
Q

Key terms to know - Morbidity?

A

Occurrence of ill health (generally) or a specific disease (e.g. asthma) in a population.

30
Q

Key terms to know - Incidence & Prevalence?

A

Incidence: Number of new cases (in a given period of time).
Prevalence: Total number of existing cases.