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PSY 210: > Unit 1: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings

A

Social Psychology
(Allport, 1954)

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2
Q

What is the person-situation debate?

A

explanation of Individual behavior (personality/values/interests) and situational (social norms/expectations) that influences decision-making

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3
Q

long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel and behave in consistant ways

A

Personality

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4
Q

What trait?
high: inventive/curious
low: consistent/cautious

A

Openness to Experience

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5
Q

What trait?
high: efficient/organized
low: careless/irresponsible

A

Conscientiousness

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6
Q

What trait?
high: Outgoing/energetic
low: solitary/reserved

A

Extraversion

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7
Q

What trait?
high: friendly/compassionate
low: critical/distrusting

A

Agreeableness

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8
Q

What trait?
high: Nervous/temperamental
low: calm/stable

A

Neuroticism (emotional stability)

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9
Q

what are the three arguments that Walter Mischel proposed regarding personality and Assessment in 1968

A
  1. Unimpressive upper limit to predictive value of personality
  2. Situations are more improtant than traits to explain behavior
  3. No use to measure personality, as people display no consistency in behavior.
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10
Q

an individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their own behavior to external situational factors outside of their control

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

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11
Q

environmental forces that cue desirable behaviors

A

Situational Strength

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12
Q

Behavior as a product of both the individual and situation

A

Interactionism

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13
Q

Why does the Fundamental attribution error occur?

A
  1. Cognitive ease
  2. Information asymmetry
  3. Self-serving bias
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14
Q

Identity concealment reduces personal accountability, increasing frequency of deviant behavior

A

Deindividuation

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15
Q

Relatively stable feeling/belief that is direct toward an object

A

Attitude

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16
Q

What makes up an attitude?

A

Affect
Behavior
Cognition

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17
Q

the importance of an attitude as assessed by how quickly it comes to mind.

A

Attitude Strength

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18
Q

degree of alignment between the components of the tripartite model of attitudes

A

Attitude Consistency

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19
Q

desire for consistency between thoughts, statements, and behaviors

A

cognitive dissonance

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20
Q

General state of feeling, not identified with a particular stimulus and not sufficiently intense to interrupt thought processes.

A

Mood

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21
Q

Feeling often experienced in reaction to an event, that can ultimately interrupt thought process

A

Emotions

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22
Q

Reflect on one’s own behavior and experiences

Attribute behavior to attitude toward understanding current attitude standing
Issue of equifinality

A

Self-perception theory

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23
Q

Theory the use of environmental cues, including social interactions, to determine one’s attitude standing

A

Social information processing theory

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24
Q

the process by which a person or entity attempts to influence another to change their beliefs or behaviors

A

Persuasion

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25
Q

the normative expectation of mutual exchange

A

Reciprocation

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26
Q

tendency to seek alignment in behaviors, beliefs, and attitude

A

Consistency

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27
Q

desire to align behavior with the behavior engaged by others

A

Social Validation

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28
Q

increased liklihood to be persuaded by those we like or admire

A

Liking

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29
Q

increased likelihood to comply based on perceptions of competence or expertise

A

Authority

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30
Q

tendency to assign higher values to items perceived as less available

A

Scarcity

31
Q

reminder to individuals that they are likely to encounter a persuasive situation.
-allows opportunity to develop counterarguments ahead of the influence attempt

A

Forewarning

32
Q

build defenses against persuasion by mildly attacking the attitude position
-provide examples of arguments and defeses prior to influence attempt

A

Inoculation

33
Q

unfair negative attitude toward a social group

A

Prejudice

34
Q

overgeneralization about a group or its members

A

Stereotypes

35
Q

unjustified negative behaviors toward members of outgroups based on their group membership

A

Discrimination

36
Q

Attitudes and beliefs that we have about a person or group on a conscious level.

A

Explicit Bias

37
Q

Uncoscious attitudes that lie below the surface, but may influence our behaviors

A

Implicit Bias

38
Q

Assessment intended to detect subconscious associates between mental representations of objects in memory

A

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

39
Q

How does “traditional” and “contemporary” relate to our understanding of implicit and explicit prejudice?

A

Traditional prejudice tends to be explicit bias and contemporary prejudice tends to be implicit bias.

40
Q

How do we reduce “traditional” forms of prejudice?

A

Emphasize norms that prejudice is wrong and involve direct persuasive strategies.

changing/diluting stereotypes by presenting counter-stereotypic or non-stereotypic information about group members.

41
Q

How do we reduce “contemporary” forms of prejudice?

A

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.

intergroup processes, such as intergroup contact and social categorization and identity, are alternative, complementary approaches.

42
Q

the prediction that increased intergroup contact will reduce prejudice

A

Contact Hypothesis

43
Q

spontaneous cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups; often results in “us” vs “them”

A

Social categorization

44
Q

social categorization method that reduces salience of intergroup boundaries

A

Decategorization

45
Q

Social categorization method that alters nature of group boundaries

A

recategorization

46
Q

positive self-concept related to one’s identity

A

positive distinctiveness

47
Q

Intergroup contact is particularly when groups consider what 4 things?

A
  1. Have equal status
  2. Are under cooperative (vs. competitive) conditions
  3. Are allowed opportunities to interact socially
  4. Operate under egalitarian norms
48
Q

relationships between people that are characterized by loving, caring,commitment, and intimacy

A

close relationships

49
Q

what are examples of close relationships?

A

Romantic relationships
friendships
family relationships

50
Q

the level of attraction between people which leads to the development of platonic or romantic relationships

A

interpersonal attraction

51
Q

tendency for people to be attracted to those who are similar to themselves

A

Similarity attraction paradigm

52
Q

tendency to prefer stimuli (including but not limited to, people) that we have seen frequently

A

Mere exposure effect

53
Q

degree of felt responsibility for a relationship partner’s welfare

A

communal strength

54
Q

what are the three conditions necessary for a causal relationship between gratitude expression and communal strength perception?

A
  1. Demonstrate covariance (cause/effect
  2. Demonstrate temporal precedence
  3. Disqualification of alternative explanations
55
Q

a survey procedure that inclueds all measures within a single survey administration

A

Cross-sectional survey

56
Q

a survey procedure that involves separating measurement of measures across time

A

Longitudinal Survey

57
Q

Why is it important to have close relationships?

A
  1. Relatedness as a fundamental human need
  2. self-esteem driven in large part by perceptions of acceptance
  3. Inadequate social support is linked to reduced mental and physical wellbeing
58
Q

a knowledge representation of one’s beliefs about oneself
-cognitive and descriptive in nature

A

Self-concept

59
Q

the extent to which individuals have different and independent ways of thinking about themselves

A

Self-complexity

60
Q

Does complexity associate with more positive or negative outcomes, as it acts as a buffer in times of threat?

A

Positive outcomes

61
Q

positive or negative feelings we have about ourselves

A

Self-esteem

62
Q

Interventions may fail when the messaging threatens people’s sense of self.
When feeling affirmed about ourown value in one domain, we may be better able to handle a message that challenges us in another.

A

Self-affirmation theory

63
Q

Individual belief in one’s cpapacity to reach specific goals or accomplish particular tasks

A

Self-efficacy

64
Q

Individual belief as to whether the recommended action will achieve the intended outcome

A

Response-efficacy

65
Q

any behavior designed to increase another’s welfare, particularly when actions provide no benefit to those who perform them

A

Altruism

66
Q

behaving to behenfit a genetic relative’s chances of survival at some cost to one’s own chances

A

Kin altruism

67
Q

helping based on the normative expectation of mutual exchange

A

reciprocal altruism

68
Q

helping someone from a place of empathy, knowing no self benefit will come

A

Pure altruism

69
Q

phenonmenon wherein individuals are less likely to help someone in need in the presence of others

A

Bystander effect

70
Q

assumption that others will take action, leading to personal inaction

A

Diffusion of responsibility

71
Q

legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those in need (some form in all 50 states)

A

Good samaritan laws

72
Q

impose penalty for those who do not help in circumstances of danger

A

Duty to rescue

(more often duty to report in US)

73
Q
A

PSY 210: (4 decks)

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