Part 4: Industrial enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the different market sectors where industrial enzymes are used

A

Household items, biofuels, food and beverage, animal feed, biocatalysis

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2
Q

Def: Enzyme

A

Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reaction in biochemical reactions in cells without being used up themselves. This is done by lowering the activation energy barrier.

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3
Q

In what ways do enzymes differ from chemical catalysts

A

Enzymes need mild conditions
Enzyme-catalysed reactions are much quicker
Highly specific
Enzyme activity is controlled in the cell

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4
Q

Describe the ways in which enzymes catalyse reactions

A

1) Enzyme binds 2 substrates and orients them to encourage a reaction
2) Enzyme triggers electron rearrangement and causes partial polarity which favours a reaction
3) Enzyme strains the bound substrate, forcing it into a transition state

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5
Q

Def: 1 Enzyme unit

A

The amount of enzyme that catalyses the reaction of 1 μmol of substrate per minute

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6
Q

What causes the rate of reaction to decrease?

A

Enzyme desaturation
Enzyme inactivation
Equilibrium displacement
Product inhibition

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7
Q

Equation: Michaelis-Menten kinetics

A

V = Vmax x [s]/ Km +[s]

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8
Q

Describe the properties of biological detergent enzymes

A

Cheap
Stable against protease
Stable in alkaline conditions
Thermophilic and effective over a large temperature range

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9
Q

What enzymes are mostly used in biological detergents

A

Proteases (grass, blood, sweat stains), amylases (starchy residue), cellulases (colour brightening and softening), lipases (oil and fat stains)

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10
Q

What are the benefits of using biological detergents

A

Effective at lower temperatures:
Saves energy costs
Reduces damage to clothing
Improves stain removal

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11
Q

In what ways does protein engineering improve lipolase’s properties

A

Reduces enzyme specificity
Improves thermostability
Improves detergent performance
Improves wash-relevant properties

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12
Q

How was lipolase created

A

The gene was extracted from Humicola Lanuginose and insterted into Aspergillus Oryzae as the cell factory, creating large amounts of active recombinant Humicola Lipase

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13
Q

What are the stages of industrial enzyme production

A

Upstream:
1) Genetic/metabolic engineering for desired product characteristics
2) Inoculum preparation
3) Fermentation to increase biomass
4) Separation of cells from media via filtration or centrifugation
5) Product collection

Downstream:
6) Low-level purification: Precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction
7) Chromatography: Enzyme binds to stationary phase
8) Formulation/ processing

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