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ANATOMY Section 4 Part 2 > 15 - Neck > Flashcards

15 - Neck Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there in domestic animals?

A

-7
-almost all MAMMALS
>even giraffes
*1 and 2=modified
*remaining 5=typical

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2
Q

What are the name of the 1st two cervical vertebrae?

A

-atlas
-axis
*modified to allow FREE MOVEMENT of head

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3
Q

A typical cervical vertebra:

A

-body flattened dorsally
-arch forms vertebral foramen
-transverse foramen

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4
Q

What does the vertebral foramen form?

A

-vertebral CANAL for the spinal cord

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5
Q

Body of cervical vertebra:

A

-median crest ventrally
-cranial surface is CONVEX
-caudal surface is concave

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6
Q

TRANSVERSE foramina:

A

-short canals
-transmit vertebral vessels

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7
Q

What is the angle and length of SPINOUS process?

A

-varies

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8
Q

What joints are there in/between the cervical vertebra?

A

-synovial joints between caudal and cranial articular processes of neighbours

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9
Q

TRANSVERSE processes divided into:

A

-dorsal
-ventral

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10
Q

Bases of arch:

A

-notched
-with the neighbour form INTERVERTEBRAL foramina for spinal nerves

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11
Q

Intervertebral disc:

A

-a fibrocartilagous structures between neighboring vertebral bodies

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12
Q

Intervertebral disc is made of:

A

-nucleus pulposus

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13
Q

Nucleus pulposus:

A

-a soft GEL-LIKE CENTRE
-‘pulpy’ nucleus

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14
Q

Intervertebral discs are surrounded by:

A

-annulus fibrosus

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15
Q

Annulus fibrosus:

A

-concentric layers of dense fibrous tissue
*fibrous rings
-can rupture

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16
Q

What happens when annulus fibrosus ruptures

A

-causes disc hernia pressuring spinal cord

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17
Q

Disk thickness in dog and cat:

A

-thick
*15-20% of columnar length

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18
Q

Disk thickness in ungulates:

A

-thinner
-10% of columnar length

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19
Q

Where are intervertebral discs ABSENT?

A

-between C1 and C2

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20
Q

Atlas:

A

-C1
-unusually
-modified in form and function

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21
Q

Wings of atlas:

A

-transverse processes
-often visible and PALPABLE in live animals

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22
Q

Cranial aspect of ventral arch and wings of atlas have:

A

-excavations (fovea) for CONDYLES

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23
Q

Caudal aspect of ventral arch of atlas has:

A

-fovea
>articulates with axis (fovea DENTIS)

24
Q

Dorsal arch of atlas has:

A

-foramina
*transverse foramina is absent in OX

25
Q

Lateral vertebral foramen of atlas:

A

-transmits 1st SPINAL nerve

26
Q

ALAR foramen (only a notch in dog):

A

-transmits ventral branch of 1st spinal nerve

27
Q

Axis:

A

-C2
-modified in form and function

28
Q

What is dens in embryos?

A

-body of ATLAS fuses with axis
-fits into fovea DENTIS of atlas
-dorsal dens is roughened for ligaments

29
Q

What is the role of dens in embryos?

A

-serves as a pivot for ROTATION of atlas (and head)

30
Q

Dens in carnivores:

A

-rodlike

31
Q

Dens in ox and horse:

A

-SPOUTLIKE

32
Q

Spinous process of axis:

A

-high (and long in dog) with caudal articular facets for C3

33
Q

Transverse processes of axis have:

A

-transverse foramen in its roots to transmit vertebral VESSELS

34
Q

Lateral vertebral foramen of axis:

A

-transmits 2nd SPINAL nerve

35
Q

Types of atlantal joints:

A

-atlanto-occipital joints
-atlanto-axial joint

36
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints:

A

-for 2 condyles and 2 separate capsules
-NO DISK
-no articular process
-involved in flexion and extension (“yes” joint)

37
Q

Atlanto-axial joint:

A

-covered by a single capsule
-no disk
-no articular process
-involved in ROTATION (“no” joint)

38
Q

C3- C5:

A

-differ slightly
-spinous process becomes increasing TALLER

39
Q

C6:

A

-longer spinous process
-expanded VENTRAL lamina of transverse process

40
Q

C7:

A

-HIGHEST spinous process
-lacks transverse foramina

41
Q

What are the palpable bony processes in the neck?

A

-part of wings of ATLAS
-caudolateral parts of TRANSVERSE processes of C2-C5

42
Q

Nucal ligament:

A

-ligament of the neck
-ELASTIC (unlike other long ligaments of column)
-funicular part continues with supraspinous ligament
-LAMELLAR PART
-bursae reduce friction

43
Q

Nuchal ligament funicular part in dog attached:

A

-rostrally to AXIS

44
Q

Nuchal ligament funicular part in large animals attached:

A

-to occipital

45
Q

LAMELLAR part of nuchal ligament in large animals:

A

-attached to spinous processes

46
Q

Muscle groups in the neck:

A

-epaxial
-hypaxial
-VENTRAL
-extrinsic limb muscles
*most individual muscles are not clinically significant

47
Q

Epaxial muscles of neck:

A

-muscles of column DORSAL to line of transverse processes
*EXTENSORS

48
Q

Epaxial muscles of neck names:

A

-transverso-spinalis system
-longissimus system in neck associated with splenius
(iliocostal system of trunk (does not extend well into neck))

49
Q

Hypaxial muscles of neck:

A

-muscles of column ventral to line of transverse processes
-flexors

50
Q

Ventral muscle names:

A

-sternomandibularis
-sternothyroideus + sternohyoideus

51
Q

Extrinsic limb muscles name:

A

-brachiocephalicus

52
Q

Superficial muscles of the neck names:

A

-splenius
-serratus
-brachio-cephalicus
-sternomandibularis

53
Q

Vasculature of neck:

A

-common carotid artery
-vertebral artery and vein
-deep cervical artery and vein

54
Q

Common carotid artery blood to:

A

-head
-face
-brain

55
Q

Vertebral artery and vein passes thru:

A

-TRANSVERSE canals of cervical vertebrae

56
Q

Deep cervical artery and vein:

A

-supplies dorsal MUSCLES of neck
-other smaller branches
>superficial cervical supply ventral muscles of neck

57
Q

What vein in domestic mammals drains most of the blood from the head?

A

-EXTERNAL jugular vein

ANATOMY Section 4 Part 2 (11 decks)

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