class 4 COPD Flashcards

jan 22nd

1
Q

what is COPD

A

preventable, treatable, slowly progressive respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitations that are not fully reversible
-may include chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema

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2
Q

step 1 of COPD development

A

exposure to irritating inhaled substance (smoking, workplace, resp infection)
-changes cellular makeup

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3
Q

step 2 of COPD development

A

the inflammatory response in airways and lungs

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4
Q

step 3 of COPD development

A

increased mucus production and narrowing of bronchioles, chronic hypoxia
-inc WBC and dec air exchange

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5
Q

step 4 of COPD development

A

hyperinflation of the alveoli
inspiration more difficult to reduce gas exchange
-diaphragm wont be able to fully contract

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6
Q

COPD risk factors

A

-smoking
-indoor or outdoor pollution
-occupational exposure
-second hand smoke
-genetics (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AAT))
-COPD develops over time, dx usally 40+

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7
Q

diagnosis criteria for chronic bronchitis

A

presence of a cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years

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8
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi
-vasodilaion, congestion, edema of mucosa
-bronchospasm
-inc mucus production and mucus plugging
-thickening of bronchial walls
-alveoli become damaged/fibrosed

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9
Q

what is emphysema

A

impaired gas exchange resulting from destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli
-permanent overdistension of air spaces
-air passages are obstructed
-increased ventilatory “dead space”
-less function of lung tissue & inc work of breathing

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10
Q

clinical manifestations of COPD

A

-a progressive disease characterized by 1.chronic cough 2.sputum production 3.dyspnea
-weight loss
-use of accessory muscles (barrel chest)
-poor sleep, dec ADL’s

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11
Q

how may a patient present with empysema

A

in tripod pose + use of accessory muscles
-may exhale w pursed lips

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12
Q

how is COPD diagnosed

A

-health hx and physical assessment
-pulmonary function test
-spirometry
-ABGs
-chest xray
-ATT screening
-vitals w o2 sats
-skin assess
-phx,fhx, s&s

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13
Q

medication to improve COPD

A
  1. bronchodilators
  2. steroids
  3. oxygen
  4. smoking cessation aids
    -alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy, antibiotic, mucolytic, antitussive, vasodilators, narcotics(codeine), vaccines
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14
Q

surgical management of COPD

A

bullectomy (remove air pockets in lungs before they pop)
lung transplant (not usually for COPD)
lung volume reduction (remove dead lung/space)
-pulmonary rehabilitation

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15
Q

nutrition for people with COPD

A

increased protein, calories, and carb diet d/t energy loss
offer boost

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16
Q

nursing care for COPD

A

-manage exacerbations (meds)
-airway maintenance
-monitor for complications (o2 sats)
-improving activity tolerance
-drug therapy
-o2 therapy
-patient teaching

17
Q

complications for COPD

A

-respiratory infections
-hypoxemia & acidosis
-cor pulmonale
-heart failure
-pulmonary hypertension
-acute respiratory failure
-anxiety and depression