Surgery oral doc Flashcards
- cervical cysts - types
Thyroglossal duct cyst – a remnant of the thyroglossal duct that forms durng the embryonic development of the thyroid gland
Branchial cleft cyst – remnants of the second branchial cleft or cervical sinus
Cystic hygroma – congenital malformation consisting of cyst-like cavities containing lymph which arise from an embryonic remnant of the jugular lymph sac
- Thyroid cancer- types
Papillarry carcinoma 50%,
follicular carcinoma 25%
non-differentiated anaplastic carcinoma, 10%
medullary carcinoma, 3-5%
lymphoma 1%
- How to classify the differentiated thyroid cancer - according to age
age (over 55 and under 55 - under 50 is stage 1 and 2 )
young\children - papillary
under 40 - follicular
> 55 anaplastic
medullary all age groups
- -hiatal hernia - types, which one is most dangerous and why
Hiatal hernias are sliding, paraesophageal, mixed and complex. Paraesophageal hernias are the most dangerous because the entire stomach herniates into the thoracic cavity and rotates on its axis which will then cause strangulation.
Sliding hiatal hernias, where the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and the gastric cardia migrate into the thorax, account for 95% of hiatal hernias.
In paraesophageal hernias (PEH), only the gastric fundus herniates into the thorax, whereas in mixed hiatal hernias, the GEJ as well as the gastric fundus herniate.
Complex hiatal herniasare rare and characterized by protrusion of any abdominal organ other than the stomach. Nearly half of all patients with hiatal hernia are asymptomatic and require no medical or surgical intervention.
- Types of breast carcinoma
Carcinoma in situ (ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ),
invasive carcinoma (invasive ductal, invasive lobular, inflammatory breast cancer)
- Breast carcinoma Tx
struggling
Early stage disease (1/2) – surgery which can be mastectomy or lumpectomy and radiotherapy
HER2+ - chemotherapy and Trastuzumab
ER/PR+ - endocrine therapy
BRCA1/2 – PARP inhibitors
- Cervical cyst types
Thyroglossal duct cyst – a remnant of the thyroglossal duct that forms durng the embryonic development of the thyroid gland
Branchial cleft cyst – remnants of the second branchial cleft or cervical sinus
Cystic hygroma – congenital malformation consisting of cyst-like cavities containing lymph which arise from an embryonic remnant of the jugular lymph sac
- Complications of Crohn’s disease
Small bowel obstruction, toxic dilation, abscess formation, perforation and haemorrhage, colon cancer, primary biliary cirrhosis
- Types of thyroid carcinoma
Papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, non-differentiated anaplastic carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, lymphoma
- What are the endocrine tumours of the pancreas
Glucagonomas, insulinomas, somatostatinomas, Gastrinomas, Vipomas
- Most common endocrine tumour of pancreas
Insulinomas 70%
- 2nd most common endocrine tumour of pancreas
Gastrinomas
- 3 stages of empeyma
Exudative, Fibrinopurulent, organization
- Complications of gastrinoma
Chance of becoming malignant,
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (severe peptic ulceration)
- Ulcerative colitis complications
Toxic megacolon, increased risk of colon cancer, venous thrombosis, perforation and massive bleeding
- Cause of mesenteric ischaemia
Arterial embolus, arterial thrombosis, vasospasm and venous thrombosis
- Benign tumour of the breast
Fibroadenomas, adneomas, papillomas
- Panaritium, Types of panaritium A
Panaritium is an infection of the fingers or toes with nailbed inflammation.
Types - paronychia, Felon and blistering distal dactylitis
- abdominal penetrating trauma
Caused by gunshots or sharp objects. Pleura or peritoneum are compromised.
Preliminary care involves tetanus prophylaxis, broad spec antibiotics, analgesics and anxiolytics.
Assess for peritoneal or retroperitoneal penetration and intra-abdominal haemorrhage by FAST (focused assessment with sonography for trauma) exam. Treat via emergency exploratory laparotomy
- Definition of thoracic penetrating trauma
Injury caused by a sharp object piercing the skin of the thoracic region, damaging the underlying tissues and resulting in an open wound