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Bio 30 🫵 > 15.1- Fertalization And Embryonic Development > Flashcards

15.1- Fertalization And Embryonic Development Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal development (2 periods)

A
  1. Embryonic period: week one to week 8 (embryo)
  2. Fetal period: week 9 to birth (fetus)
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2
Q

Fertilization

A

Egg + sperm = zygote. 23 +23 = 46 chromosomes.
-must occur in oviduct and within 12-24 hours of ovulation.

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3
Q

Layers sperm has to break through

A

Zona pellucida and corona radiata. These surround the egg. Acrosome is released to break through.
1: sperm enters the egg and depolarizes plasma membrane

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4
Q

Cleavage

A

As zygote moves through oviduct, it begins to divide. Volume of the cell decreases as cleavage occurs but # of chromosomes in each cell stays the same.

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5
Q

Mitosis

A

Each cell all keep full number of chromosomes after division

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6
Q

16 stage cell (morula)

A

When embryo reaches the uterus for implantation, it’s now called a blastocyst

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7
Q

Tropoblast

A

Later develops into part of the placenta

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8
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Develops into the baby.
During implantation, ICM faces inside of endometrium, trophoblast helps digest through endometrial tissue

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9
Q

Implantation

A

Trophoblast secrets HcG.

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10
Q

HcG

A

Maintains the CL for 2-3 months. Progesterone and estrogen levels remain high to inhibit menstrual cycle. After 2-3 months the placenta will be fully formed which secretes estrogen and progesterone to maintain endometrium allowing the CL to degenerate.

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11
Q

When does hcg decline

A

After 4 months, placenta can secrete progesterone and estrogen so HCG is no longer needed

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12
Q

Gastrulation

A

After implatation, cells of the embryo starts to differentiate. Marks the beginning of distinct structures forming. Embryo is called gastrula.

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13
Q

Gastural layers

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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14
Q

What do the different germ layers form

A

Ectoderm: nervous system and skin
Mesoderm: skeleton, muscles, repro structures
Endoderm: lining of degestive and respiratory system

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15
Q

Line of formation after fertilization

A

Zygote -> Morula -> blastocyst -> gastrula

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16
Q

Amnion

A

Enclosed the embryo/fetus, penetrated only by the umbilical cord. Filled with fluid

17
Q

Yolk sac

A

Helps form parts of the digestive tract, blood and sex cells but does not provide nutrients

18
Q

Allatois

A

Forms base of umbilical cord and parts of the urinary bladder

19
Q

Choroion

A

Outer most layer which forms fetal portion of the placenta

20
Q

Placenta

A

Attached to uterine wall. Fetus attaches to placenta by umbilical cord.

21
Q

Fetal portion of the placenta

A

Formed from chorion, contains chorionic villi

22
Q

Chorionic Villi

A

Extended projection of fetal blood vessels extending into uterine lining

23
Q

Maternal portion

A

Pools of blood around chorion villi

24
Q

Teratogen

A

An agent within can harm development of embryo

25
Q

Dilation stage

A

2-20 hours. Dilation of cervix to 10cm. Water breaks which is the amniotic sac

26
Q

Expulsion stage

A

30min to 2 hours. Strong contraction to push baby out through cervix

27
Q

Placental stage

A

10-15mins after expulsion. Contractions to push placenta out

28
Q

Contractions:

A

Baby head pushes on cervix which stretches it sending a signal to the pituitary to release oxytocin

29
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes uterine contractions and prostaglandins which stimulates contractions. Baby’s head keeps pushing which causes more release of oxytocin (positive feedback). Also releases breast milk

30
Q

Lactation

A

Hypothalamus signals pituitary to release oxytocin

31
Q

Prolactin

A

Responsible for milk production. This is inhibited during pregnancy by estrogen and progesterone.

32
Q

Colostrum

A

Released for first few days after birth. High in protein and antibodies for immune protection

33
Q

Sterile

A

Cannot have children

34
Q

Infertile

A

Struggling to have kids but not impossible

35
Q

IVF

A

Where the sperm and egg are fertilized outside of the body

36
Q

Hormonal contraceptives

A

Mimics progesterone, negative feedback prevents release of FSH and LH which prevents ovulation

Bio 30 🫵 (10 decks)

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