2.4

Question 1

genetic predispositions, or vulnerabilities, are inherited and are expressed

Answer 1

behavior to varying degrees, or not at all, depending upon environmental influences.

Question 2

heritability is the

Answer 2

proportion of a trait, such as intelligence, that is thought to result from inherited, genetic factors.

Question 3

One of the simplest yet most important kinds of learning is habituation, which involves

Answer 3

learning to stop attending to a stimulus, or change, in the environment.

• helps “filter out” the repetitive and monotonous stimuli that often bombard us.
• enables us to stay focused and to attend to things that are important, although we can attend to only a limited amount of information at any given time

Question 4

Classical conditioning refers to the kind of learning that occurs when,

Answer 4

through repeated trials, we learn to associate one stimulus with another naturally occurring stimulus–response sequence.

ex. putting food in the mouth (stimulus) that causes salivation (response).

Question 5

operant conditioning, involves

Answer 5

the application or removal of rewards (called reinforcements) and punishments to encourage or discourage us from acting in certain ways

Question 6

he application of learning principles to change behavior is called

Answer 6

applied behavior analysis (ABA), or sometimes behavior modification.

Question 7

The fact that people can learn by observing others (called

Answer 7

social learning
-They can use cognitive processes such as planning, problem solving, and imitation to direct their behavior is reflected in the vast complexity that characterizes human behavior

Question 8

self-concept

Answer 8

one’s beliefs and feelings about oneself, which is what defines who an individual is

Question 9

self-efficacy refers to our beliefs about our own

Answer 9

capabilites

Question 10

the tendency to assume that your culture’s beliefs, perceptions, and values are true, correct, and factual, whereas those of other cultures are false, unusual, or bizarre.

Answer 10

ethnocentrism

Question 11

a lifelong process through which individuals are taught to function as members of social groups—families, communities, and work and friendship groups, among many others.

Answer 11

socialization