CCNM - Botanical Medicine I Flashcards
This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator (251 cards)
0
Q
What people are often overlooked in the history of botanical medicine and why?
A
Indigenous people, because their traditions were passed down orally all the time - not written down.
1
Q
What discovery, significant to botanical medicine, was made regarding the neanderthal man?
A
A skeleton was found with 8 medicinal plants
2
Q
What does the shaman believe and what might they use to aid in healing, and why?
A
Shamans believe spirits affect health and they will use psychoactive plants as an aid in healing.
They believe this altered state of consciousness allows individuals to deal with their “demons” and face them head on. Furthermore, the physical vomiting is representative of vomiting out negative experiences and/or their demons.
3
Q
What/Who were the botanical medicine contributors from ancient egypt? and what were the contributions?
A
Imhotep
- western worlds "first physician" - he wrote the "Edwin Smith Papyrus" an anatomy & conditions text
Ebers Papyrus
-a medical text with more than 850 medicinal plants and remedies
4
Q
What traditional medicine is native to india? and what were it’s influences?
A
Ayurvedic medicine - influences from the book “Rig Veda”
root of Hinduism, yoga and ayurveda
5
Q
What are the Doshas (3 humours) in ayurvedic medicine and what is believed about them?
A
Vata - wind
Pitta - fire
Kaph - water
Health is maintained by keeping the Doshas in balance.
6
Q
Who were the contributors from TCM?
A
Shannong “Divine Farmer” & Yellow Emperor
7
Q
Who founded chinese herbalism and what was later recorded in his name?
A
Shannong “divine farmer”
The “Shannong Materia Medica” containing 365 plant and animal remedies
8
Q
Who founded TCM theory and what were the beliefs and principles behind it?
A
Yellow Emperor
Rejected the thought that spirits caused disease. Instead believed diet, emotions, environment and age impact health.
Principles of Yin/Yang and the five elements.
9
Q
What is Kampo and what significance does it have today?
A
Kampo is traditional Japanese medicine and today it is integrated into the modern national health system with 148 Kampo formulas approved for use in Japan.
10
Q
Who wer the three contributors from Greco-Roman medicine?
A
Hippocrates - the father of modern medicine
Dioscorides - a roman army phyisician
Galen of Pergamum
11
Q
What major contributions did Hippocrates have?
A
He developed a code of medical ethics. He recognized that illness resulted from natural, rather than supernatural, causes and he developed the four humours approach.
12
Q
According to Hippocrates what are the four humours and what is believed about them?
A
Phlegm (wet, cold)
Yellow bile (dry, hot)
Black bile (dry, cold)
Blood (wet, hot)
Dyscrasia: an imbalance of the humours resulting in a diseased state.
13
Q
What were Dioscorides contributions?
A
On his travels with the Roman army he documented medicinal plants others used and wrote the De Materia Medica - a treatise on medicinal plants.
14
Q
What were Galen of Pergamum’s contributions?
How long did his principles rule western medicine?
A
He extracted herbs to make crude drugs and he refined the humoural theory.
His principles dominated the western world of medicine for 1500 years.
15
Q
Who was the major contributor from Arabic (Unani) medicine and what were his two major contributions?
A
Avicenna the “Prince of Physicians”
- Created the system of medicine called Unani Tibb
- Wrote “Canon Medicine”
- 760 plant descriptions
- authoritative in pharmacy until 17th century
- greatly influenced early European medicine
16
Q
There were 7 contributors from European herbalism. Who/What were they?
A
Folk medicine Monastic Medicine Pharmacy Paracelsus Orto Botanico di Padova, Italy Jakob Boehme Nicholas Culpepper
17
Q
What were folk medicines contributions?
A
They weren’t well documented.
18
Q
What is Monastaic medicine?
A
Greco-Roman medicine that was preserved in monasteries during the middle ages.
19
Q
When was pharmacy established as a profession?
A
In the 12th century.
20
Q
Who is Paracelsus, what is his famous quote, and what did he do?
A
He is the founder of pharmacology.
“All things are poison, nothing is without poison, the dose alone causes a thing not to be poison.”
Used chemistry to create medicine from herbs and metals.
21
Q
What is the Orto Botanico di Padova and where is it located?
A
It is the oldest academic botanical garden and it is located in Italy.
22
Q
Who is Jakob Boehme and what did he believe?
A
He is the “Doctor of signatures” and he believed that God marked everything He’s created with a sign to indicate it’s purpose.
23
Q
What did Nicholas Culpepper contribute?
A
He wrote “The Complete Herbal”, which is the most successful non-religious text.
24
Who were the two major contributors from American Herbalism?
Samuel Thompson and The Eclectics.
25
Who is Samuel Thompson and what did he do?
He is considered the "Father of American Herbalism". He learned from the first nations and opposed conventional medicine.
26
Who were the Eclectics? What important book did they contribute? and who are the noteworthy four physicians?
```
They were a group of physicians that opposed "heroic" conventional medicine and integrated botanical medicine. The wrote "King's American Dispensary".
And the noteworthy four are:
John Uri Lloyd
John Milton Scudder
Harvey Wickes Felter &
John King
```
27
What are the five different ways to classify herbs?
Taxonomy - Famly, Latin binomial
Actions - diuretic,, antiinflammatory etc.
Systems - cardiovascular, urinary etc.
Constituents - terpenoid, phenolics, essential oils etc.
Herbal tradition - TCM, Ayurvedic, Western
28
Herbs vs Drugs
Compound?
Herbs contain hundreds of compounds.
Drugs typically contain one active ingredient.
29
Herbs vs Drugs
Quality?
Herbs - the active ingredients vary from batch to batch.
Drugs - very pure and precise amounts.
30
Herbs vs Drugs
Potency?
Herbs are generally less potent but safer than drugs.
Drugs are stronger but generally have more side effects.
31
Herbs vs Drugs
Medicinal Actions?
Drugs and herbs share many of the same actions but...
Herbs possess medicinal qualities that have no equivalent in pharmaceuticals.
32
What are the three strategies for drug development?
1. Explore traditional medicine to develop new drugs.
2. Screen plants with known medical action for potential drug development.
3. Use phytochemicals as a source of chemical building blocks.
33
Example - drugs from plants. Explain...
Aspirin
Made by adding an acetyl group to salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is found in willow bark.
34
Example - drugs from plants. Explain...
Ephedrine
Found in Ephedra
Used for respiratory conditions.
35
Example - drugs from plants. Explain...
Taxol (anticancer drugs)
Found in Pacific Yew (no traditional medicinal indications), but difficult to get/synthesize.
obtained from cell-cultures using plant fermentation technology.
36
Example - drugs from plants. Explain...
Tamiflu (antiviral drug)
Not naturally occurring.
Synthesized from shikimic acid (found in star anise & others but these plants don't have the same effect)
37
# Define:
Pharmacology
The study of the interaction of biologically active agents with living systems.
38
# Define:
Pharmaognosy
Discipline dealing with medicines from natural sources (plants, animals, microorganisms) and their constituents.
39
# Define:
Pharmacodynamics
How the drug effects the body by interacting with receptor, transport processes and enzymes.
40
# Define:
Pharmacokinetics
How the body effects a drug.
i.e. absorption, distribution, bio-transformation, storage, elimintion.
41
# Define:
Toxiology
How substances negatively effect living organisms.
42
# Define:
Agonist
Something that binds to a receptor and activates it.
43
# Define:
Antagonist
Something that binds to a receptor and inactivates it. Prevents agonist from binding. This could be reversible or irreversible.
44
# Define:
Modulator
Something that binds to a receptor and partially turns it on.
This could also have a slowing down effect...
45
# Define:
Therapeutic index
Refers to how safe a drug or plant is - how close the therapeutic dose is to the toxic dose.
46
# Define:
Broad therapeutic index
Considered safe - large amounts required before serious side effects
47
# Define:
Narrow therpeutic index
Considered dangerous & must be used with cations - therapeutic dose close to and may overlap toxic amount.
48
Define...
Carbohydrate
Organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the formula Cm(H20)n
49
What are the phytochemicals for carbohydrates?
```
Glycosides
Fiber
-inulin
-beta glucans
-mucilage
-gum
-gel
```
50
Define...
Glycoside
An organic compound, usually biologically active, with sugars attached.
51
What are glycosides composed of?
A glycone - the sugar component
| An aglycone - the organic component
52
Glycoside phytochemicals
Sugars can be attached to a variety of compounds
- hydroquinone glycoside (e.g. arbutin)
- cardiac glycoside (e.g. digoxin)
- saponins (e.g. ginsenosides)
- anthraquinone glycosides
53
By creating a glycoside the sugar allows the aglycone to become...? (5 options)
1. More water soluble
2. Reversible inactivated
3. Easily stored
4. Transported
5. Excreted
54
Define...
Fiber
Undigestible carbohydrates that bulk up the stool (soluble and insoluble).
55
Give four actions of fiber.
1. Bulking agent
2. Demulcent
3. Lowers cholesterol
4. Lowers blood sugar
56
Where is fiber found?
In fruits and vegetables.
57
What are the five phytochemicals for fiber?
1. Mucilage (forms slime)
2. Cellulose
3. Inulin
4. Glucan
5. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)
58
Define...
Mucilage
Produces a viscous substance when added to water.
59
Define...
Gums
Mucilage excreted when the plant is injured.
60
In relation to fiber define...
Gels
Highly cross-linked forming semi-solid.
61
What are the three actions of mucilage, gums and gels?
1. Bulking agent
2. Demulcent
3. Prebiotic
62
Mucilage, gums and gels indications...
inflamed mucous membranes
63
In what herbs can you find mucilage?
Psylium, ground flax, oatmeal & okra
64
In what herbs can you find gums?
Guar gum, mastic gum.
65
In what herbs can you find gels?
Carrageenan, agar & aloe vera
66
What phytochemical is found in mucilage, gums and gels?
Arabinogalactan: polymers of arabinose and galactose and is a constituent of many gums.
67
What are glucans?
They are polysaccharides consisting of D-glucose linked by glycosidic bonds.
68
Glucans can either have alpha-linkages or beta-linkages. Which of these is digestible and which is indegestible?
Which are soluble and insoluble fibers?
Alpha-linkage chains are digestible.
Beta-linkage chains are indigestible and are you soluble and insoluble fibers.
69
What action do glucans have?
They are immunomodulating.
70
Where can you find glucons?
In medicinal mushrooms.
71
What are the phytochemicals for alph-glucans?
alpha 1,4- and 1,6- are starch and glycogen.
72
What are the phytochemicals for beta-glucans?
Beta- 1,3- & 1,4- is oatmeal
| Beta- 1,3- & 1,6- are immunomodulators
73
What influences the immunomodulating effects of glucans?
Linkage type, frequency, and location.
| Addition of proteins and other molecules.
74
What are essential oils? (aka aromatic oils)
They are short, non-polar hydrocarbon molecules (10-15 carbons) that can be extracted by steam distillation.
75
What are the two actions that essential oils have?
They act as carminatives: helps in digestion
| as well as antimicrobials.
76
There are two plant families high in essential oils. What are they?
Apiaceae - Umbellaferae - "Carrot family"
and
Lamiaceae - Labiatae - "Mint family"
77
Name the three phytochemicals of essential oils.
1. Phenylpropanoids
2. Monoterpeneds
3. Sesquiterpenes
78
What is one major caution you must use when dealing with aromatic oils?
Pure essential/aromatic oils are potent but also very dangerous! 5mL can result in death!
79
What three things describe fixed oils?
1. They are long non-polar hydrocarbon molecules.
2. They are triglycerides [made up of esters of glycerol and fatty acids (15-24 carbons)].
3. They tend to liquify at room temperature.
Furthermore, they may contain other compounds such as terpenoids or phenoloics
80
Fixed oils have three actions. What are they?
1. Anti-inflammatory
2. Pro-inflammatory
3. Fuel
81
Where can you find fixed oils?
In vegetable oils - they contain triglycerides consisting of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
- Olive oil
- Castor oil
- Coconut oil
- Flax seed oil
82
What is wax? How many carbons are in their chains?
Wax is long non-polar hydrocarbon chains that tend to be malleable solids at room temperature Their chains consist of ~29-33 carbons.
83
What are the two components of a wax ester?
One fatty acid and one fatty alcohol.
84
What two actions do waxes serve?
They serve as a protective barrier and water repellant.
85
Where do you find wax?
Bees wax, from insects and Bayberry "wax myrtle"(Myrica cerifera).
86
What caution do you have to keep in mind about wax?
Wax is indigestible - oral consumption may cause steatorrhea.
87
What is a resin?
A solid or very viscous mixtures of hydrocarbons (terpenes)
88
What are the three classes of resins and what do they include?
Oleoresins include essential oils
Gum resins include gums (carbohydrates)
Oleo-gum-resins include essential oils and gums
89
What are the two actions of resins?
Resins act as Antiinflammatories and antimicrobials
90
Where can resins be found? (name 2)
Resins can be found in conifers (balsam firs, pine, cedars) and burseraceae family (frankinsense, myrrh).
91
How is turpentine obtained?
Obtained through steam distillation of pine trees.
92
What is a rosin?
A solid (triterpenes & diterpenes) that remain after steam distillation.
93
Fossilized resin is also known as what?
Amber.
94
What are balsam oils?
Oleoresins obtained from various balsam trees.
95
Define...
latex
milky liquid that consists of an emulsion of various substances in an aqueous base.
96
In what family can you find latex?
The poppy family, or papaveraceae.
97
Name three plants you in the poppy family that contin latex.
1. Opium poppy - Papaver somniferum
2. Greater Calendine - Cheledonium majus
3. Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
98
Latex may contain an emulsion of which five phytochemicals?
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Gums
4. Alkaloids
5. Resins
99
What are terpenoids/terpenes?
Hydrocarbon compounds synthesized from a fie carbon precursor; isoprene.
100
What is the difference between terpenes and terpenoids?
Terpenes are strictly hydrocarbons.
Terpenoids incorporate oxygen long with the hydrocarbons.
101
What is a monoterpene?
A hydrocarbon compound synthesized from two isoprene units (10 carbons)
102
Monoterpenes have five actions. What are they?
1. Antimicrobial
2. Analgesic
3. Expectorant
4. Carminative
5. Antiinflammatory
103
What are four phytochemicals of monoterpenes?
1. Menthol
2. Carvacrol
3. Camphor
4. Eucalyptol
104
What are iridoids and secoiridoids?
Monoterpene lactones
105
What are two actions of iridoids/secoiridoids?
1. Bitter
| 2. Antiinflammatory
106
What is a phytochemical of iridoids?
Harpogoside - Devil's Claw - Harpagophytum procumbens.
107
What are phytochemicals of secoiridoids?
Oleuropein - Olive - Oleo europaea
109
What are five actions of Sesquiterpenes?
1. Carminatives
2. Bitters
3. Antiinflammatory
4. Antimicrobials
5. Anticancer
110
In what herb family do you find Sesquiterpenes?
The asteraceae family
111
Name two examples of the asteraceae family that you could find Sesquiterpenes in.
1. Sweet wormwood (artemisia annua)
| 2. Chamomile (matricaria recutita)
112
Many herbs in the asteraceae family contain Sesquiterpene lactones. Because of this, what caution must you take while using these herbs?
Sesquiterpene lactones can cause an allergic reaction because they can act as haptens (small molecules that react with proteins to elicit an immune response).
113
How many isoprene units comprise a diterpene?
How many carbons?
4 isoprene units.
20 carbons.
114
What are the actions of diterpenes?
They have mixed actions. They may interact with the nervous system.
115
What are phytochemicals of diterpenes?
Viteosin - chaste berry (cited angus-castus)
Tetrahydrocannabinol - marijuana (canabis sativa)
116
How many isoprene units comprise a triterpene?
How many carbons?
6 isoprene units.
30 carbons.
117
What are 4 actions of triterpenes?
1. Lowers cholesterol
2. Helps lower stress
3. Improves sexual function
4. Anticancer
118
What is a triterpene phytochemical?
phytosterol (e.g. beta-sitosterol)
119
What is a saponin?
Amphipathic compounds with sugars attached to triterpenoids.
120
Give two examples saponins.
Steroidal saponins - have a steroidal backbone.
| Cardiac glycosides - saponins increase cardiac function.
121
What are three actions of saponins?
1. Antiinflammatory
2. Helps body cope with stress
3. Increases cardiac function
122
Name one herb for each of the following:
Saponin
Cardiac glycoside
Steroidal saponin
Saponin - licorice (glycyrrhiza glabra) = glycyrrhizin
Cardiac glycoside - foxglove (digitalis purpurea) = digitoxin
Steroidal saponin - Korean ginsing (panax ginsing) = ginsenoside
123
What are two cautions about using saponins?
1. High amounts may be irritating to the mucous membranes
| 2. Can cause lysis of cells if injected into blood
124
How many isoprene unit make up a tetraterpene (carotenoids)?
8 isoprene units
40 carbons
125
What are three actions of carotenoids?
1. Anticancer
2. Antioxidant
3. Provitamin A
126
What are three indications to use tetraterpenes?
1. Cancer
2. Cardiovascular disease
3. Macular degeneration
127
Tetraterpene
| Name the phytochemical that is strictly a hydrocarbon and give three examples of it.
Carotenes
- beta-carotene
- alpha-carotene
- lycopene
128
Tetraterpene
| Name the phytochemical that contains oxygen and give three examples.
Xanthophylls
- Lutein
- Zeaxanthin
- Astxanthin
129
What is one caution about supplementation with carotenoids?
Supplementing in high doses may have adverse effects.
130
What are phenolics?
Compounds that contain a phenol group.
131
What are four actions of phenols?
1. Antioxidant
2. Antiinflammatory
3. Anticancer
4. Antimicrobial
132
What four indications to use phenolics?
1. Prevent degenerative disease
2. Cancer
3. Cardiovascular disease
4. Arthritis
133
Where are phenolics found?
They are ubiquitous in nature and plants are especially high in phenolics
I.e. vegetables, fruits, spices and herbs
134
What is a phenylpropene?
A phenolic compound. An aromatic ring with 3 carbon chain attached -- is typically derived from the amino acid phenylalanine.
134
What make phenols special?
They can readily accept and donate electrons -- they can stabilize free radicals.
135
What are two actions of phenylpropenes?
1. Carminative
| 2. Abtimicrobial
136
Name two herbs where you can find phenylpropenes.
1. Anise - pimpinella anisum
| 2. Clove - syzgium aromaticum
137
What is one caution of using phenylpropenes?
They are a hepatotoxic. Essential oils can cause death when consumed in 5-10mL while certain one can cause liver cancer when consume long term.
138
What is a ligand?
A polyphenolic compound made from two phenylpropenoid groups.
139
Give two actions of lignans.
1. Phytoestrogen
| 2. Antioxidant
140
Where can you find lignans?
In flax (Linux usitatissimum)
141
What are flavonoids?
Polphenolic compounds.
| Plant pigments
142
What is the carbon skeleton of flavonoids?
C6-C3-C6
143
What action do flavonoids have?
Antioxidants
144
Name he 4 subclasses of flavonoids.
1. Flavones (e.g. Quercitin)
2. Isoflavones (e.g. Genistein)
3. Flavan-3-ole (e.g. Catechins)
4. Anthocyanidins (e.g. Cyanidin)
145
Flavones are one subclass of flavonoids. What is there structural uniqueness?
They are flavenoids with a ketone at the 3-position (e.g. Quercitin)
146
What are four actions of flavones?
1. Antioxidant
2. Antiinflammatory
3. Anticancer
4. Antihistamine
147
What are three indications to use flavones?
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Allergies
148
Name four plants that flavones are common in.
1. Onions
2. Citrus
3. Leafy vegetables
4. Tea
149
What do flavones commonly exist as?
Glycosides. Ex. Rutin is a glycoside of quercitin.
150
Isoflavones are a subclass of flavonoids. What is there structural distinction?
They are the same as flavones but the central benzene ring is attached at the 3 position on the main structure rather than the 2 position.
151
What are three actions if isoflavones?
1. Phytoestrogenic
2. Antioxidant
3. Anticancer
152
What family are isoflavones found in?
The fabaceae family (legumes).
| -soy (glycine max)
153
Name two phytochemicals of isoflavones.
Genistein & daidzein
154
Flavan-3-ols are a subclass of flavonoids. What is their structural distinction?
They lack a ketone group and double bond in the central ring but retain the alcohol at the 3 position & the double bond.
155
What are three actions if Flavan-3-ols?
1. Antioxidant
2. Anticancer
3. Antiinflammatory
156
Give two plants where flavan-3-ols are found?
1. Tea (camellia sinensis)
| 2. Chocolate (theobroma cacao)
157
What are the phytochemicals of flavan-3-ols?
```
Catechin & epicatechin
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) - ester of a catechin and Gallic acid
```
158
Comment on EGCG (epigallocatatechin) - how it relates to green tea, chocolate and black tea.
EGCG is found in green tea
Not found in chocolate
And is destroyed during the fermentation process to make black tea.
159
Anthocyanidin is a subclass of flavonoids. What is their structural distinction?
They lack the ketone at the 4 position.
160
What are anthocyanins?
They are glycosides of anthocyanidins.
161
What are oligomeric proanhocyanidins (OPC)?
They are polymers of anthocyanidins.
162
Give three actions of anthocyanidins.
1. Antioxidant
2. Anticancer
3. Antiadherance
163
Anthocyanidins are found in many plants but are especially high in what two?
Flowers and berries.
164
Give four examples of fruits high in anthocyanidins.
1. Blueberries
2. Grapes
3. Cranberries
4. Elderberries
165
What are tannins?
They are phenolic compounds that bind to and precipitate proteins and other nitrogen containing compounds, including amino acids and alkaloids.
166
What are three actions of tannins?
1. Astringent
2. Anti microbial
3. Antioxidant
167
Where can tannins be found?
Oak (quercus spp.) & witch hazel (hamamelis virginiana).
168
Name two phytochemicals of tannins.
```
Hydrolyzable tannins (Gallic acid & ellagic acid attached to sugars)
Condensed tannins (non-hydrolyzable) e.g. Proanthocyanidins.
```
169
There are three cautions to using tannins. Name them.
1. Iron chelation - inhibit non-heme iron absorption.
2. Nutrient absorption - tannins can inhibit the absorption of nutrients.
3. Toxicity - high amounts can irritate the bowels, liver & kidneys.
170
What are flavonolignans?
What are the two components?
They are polyphenolic compounds.
Composed of a flavonoid attached to a phenylpropanoid.
171
What are two actions of flavonolignans?
Hepatoprotective (protects the liver)
| Antioxidant
172
In what herb can flavonolignans be found?
Milk thistle (silybum marianum).
173
What are stilbenoids and what is their carbon skeletal structure?
They are polyphenolic compounds with the carbon structure C6-C2-C6.
174
Name two actions of stilbenoids.
Antioxidant and anti-aging
175
What is the most well known stilbenoid? Give three examples of where it is found.
Resveratol is the most well known. It is found in grapes (wine & grape juice), blueberries and peanuts.
176
What are coumarins derived from?
They are derived from phenols.
177
What are coumarins?
They are bicyclic compounds that contain a lactone ring derived from phenylpropanoids.
178
Give two actions of coumarins.
Antispasmodic & anticoagulant
179
Where can coumarins be found?
In red clover (trifoliun pratense)
180
Coumarins are fragrant molecules...what do they smell like?
They smell like freshly mown grass.
181
What are two cautions of using coumarins?
Dicoumarins have anticoagulant properties. And high amounts are mildly hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.
182
What are furanocoumarins?
They are heterocyclic compounds derived from coumarin with the addition of a furan ring.
183
What are furanocoumarins derived from?
They are derived from phenols.
184
What action do furanocoumarins have?
They are photosensitizers.
185
What two plant families can furanocoumarins be found in?
1. Rutaceae family - rue, grapefruit
| 2. Apiaceae family - (carrot): wild parsnip, giant hogweed
186
What are two photochemicals are furanocoumarins?
Psoralen & bergamottin
187
There are three cautions to be taken regarding furanocoumarins. What are they?
1. They are photosensitizers - cause severe burns (phytophotodermatitis)
2. The grapefruit juice effect - inhibits phase I detoxification (p450 inhibitor)
3. Hepatotoxic - aflatoxin causes liver cancer.
188
What are pthalides derived from?
Pthalides are derived from phenols.
189
What are pthalides composed of?
They are similar to coumarins, but they have a lactone attached to a 5 member ring.
190
State two actions of pthalides
1. Relax smooth muscle
| 2. Lower blood pressure
191
In what family are pthalides found?
| Give three specific plants.
They're found in the apiaceae family.
- celery (apium graveolus)
- garden Angelica (Angelica archangelica)
- don quai (Angelica sinensis)
192
What is a quinone?
It is a bi-ketonic aromatic compound.
193
What is a hydroquinone?
It is the reduced form of quinone and is phenolic.
194
Give two actions of quinones/hydroquinones.
Anti microbial & urinary antiseptic.
195
Where can you find quinones/hydroquinones?
They can be found in bearberry (arctostaphylos uva-ursi).
196
What is the phytochemical of quinones/hydroquinones?
Arbutin - glycoside of hydroquinone.
197
What is one caution of using quinone/hydroquinone?
Long term use is not recommended.
198
What is a napthoquinones?
It is a quinone molecule fused to a benzene ring.
199
Napthoquinones have 4 actions. Name them.
1. Antimicrobial
2. Red pigment
3. Antioxidant
4. Proxident
200
Where can napthoquinones be found?
They can be found in black walnut (julgans nigra).
201
Two phytochemicals of napthoquinones are...
Vitamin K & coenzyme Q10.
202
What is anthraquinone?
They are tricyclic compounds (or polymers) consisting of a quinone molecule flanked by two benzene rings.
They're found as glycosides.
203
Two actions of anthraquinones are...
Stimulating laxative & antimicrobial.
204
Where can anthraquinones be found?
They can be found in senna (senna spp.).
205
What is a caution to keep on mind regarding anthraquinone?
They can affect electrolyte balance of blood and can I retract with some heart and blood pressure medications.
206
What are alkaloids?
They contain a cyclic nitrogen.
207
What two effects do alkaloids have?
They have neurological and cardiovascular effects.
208
Name 8 phytochemicals of alkaloids.
1. Quinolone alkaloids (e.g. Quinine)
2. Isoquinoline alkaloids (e.g. Berberine)
3. Quinoline
209
Most alkaloids should be used with caution and in one circumstance are contraindicated. When are alkaloids contraindicated?
In pregnancy these are contraindicated.
210
What is a purine alkaloid?
They are heterocyclic aromatics compounds containing 4 nitrogens.
211
What are two actions of purine alkaloids?
They act as stimulants and diuretics.
212
Name three places purine alkaloids are found.
1. Coffee (coffea spp.)
2. Tea (camellia sinensis)
3. Chocolate
213
What are the phytochemicals of purine alkaloids?
Caffeine and theobromine.
214
What is one caution with purine alkaloids?
Use with caution during pregnancy.
215
What are isoquinoline alkaloids made up of?
They are two six-membered rings (heterocyclic) aromatic organic compound with a nitrogen at the C2 position.
216
What are two actions of isoquinoline alkaloids?
They are antimicrobial & bitter.
217
Name two herbs where isoquinoline alkaloids are found.
Goodenseal (hydrastis canadensis) & barberry (Berbers vulgaris)
218
What is the phytochemical of isoquinoline alkaloids?
Beberine
219
What caution is there regarding isoquinoline alkaloids?
They are contraindicated during pregnancy.
220
What are quinoline alkaloids?
They are two six-membered rings (heterocyclic) aromatic organic compounds with a nitrogen at the C1 position.
221
What three actions do quinoline alkaloids have?
They are antimicrobial, antimalarial & bitter.
222
Where can quinoline alkaloids be found?
They can be found in cinchone tree (cinchona officinalis).
223
What is the phytochemical of quinoline alkaloids?
Quinine
224
When are quinoline alkaloids contraindicated?
They are contraindicated during pregnancy.
225
What are quinolizidine alkaloids?
Heterocyclic aromatic compounds with a nitrogen at the C0 position (between the two rings).
226
What are two actions of quinolizidine alkaloids?
Emmenogogue & antiarrhythmic
227
Where are quinolizidine alkaloids found?
In blue cohosh (caulophyllum thalictroides).
228
What are two phytochemicals of quinolizidine alkaloids?
N-mehylcystine & sparteine.
229
When would use of quinolizidine alkaloids be contraindicated?
Contraindicated during pregnancy.
230
What are pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
They are two fused five-member rings with the nitrogen occupying the central position.
231
What action do pyrrolizidine alkaloids have?
They are hepatotoxic.
232
Where can pyrrolizidine alkaloids be found?
They can be found in the Boraginaceae family - comfrey (symphytum officinalis) and in the asters ear family b
233
When are pyrrolizidine alkaloids hepatotoxic and when are they not toxic?
They are hepatotoxic when they are unsaturated.
| They are nontoxic when they are saturated.
234
What is a caution regarding pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
Health Canada considers many herbs that contain these (ex. comfrey) to be unsafe for internal use.
235
What are tropane alkaloids?
They are bicyclic alkaloids with the tropane boat structure.
236
On what body system do tropane alkaloids have a significant effect?
They have a significant effects on the nervous system.
237
What are two actions if tropane alkaloids?
Analgesic & anticholinergic.
238
In what family are tropane alkaloids found?
| Give two examples.
They are found in the solanaceae family.
- deadly nightshade (artopa belladonna)
- jimson weed (datura stramonium)
239
What are two cautions regarding the use of tropane alkaloids?
They have a narrow therapeutic index and can cause death. ***use with extreme caution!
240
What is significant about pyridine alkaloid structure?
The nitrogen is part if a 6-membered aromatic ring.
241
What structural significance do pyrrolidine alkaloids have?
The nitrogen is part of a 5-membered ring.
242
What action do pyridine and pyrrolidine alkaloids have?
They stimulate the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems.
243
Where are pyridine and pyrrolidine alkaloids found?
They are found in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum).
244
What is the phytochemical of pyridine and pyrrolidine alkaloids?
Nicotine.
245
When is the use of pyridine and pyrrolidine alkaloids contraindicated?
During pregnancy.
246
What are organosulfer compounds?
They are organic compounds that contain sulfur.
247
Give four actions of organosulfur compounds.
1. Antimicrobial
2. Antioxidant
3. Anti cancer
4. Detoxicifier
248
In what two families are organosulfur compounds found?
They are found in the brassicaceae family (cruciferous vegetables) and in the amaryllidaceae family (onions, garlic, scallions)
249
What are these phytochemicals of organosulfur compounds?
1. Sulforaphane
2. Allicin
3. Amino acids (e.g. Cysteine, methionine)
250
What can organosulfur compounds stimulate?
They can stimulate detox pathways - induction of phase-II enzymes.
