Lecture 11

Question 1

where are Triglycerides Abundantly found

Answer 1

Triglycerides Abundantly found in adipocytes (subcutaneous fat) as a form of energy storage and insulation

Question 2

function of Visceral adipose tissue

Answer 2

Visceral adipose tissue provides mechanical support for internal organs

Question 3

Triglycerides function

Answer 3

Serves as carriers of lipid soluble vitamins (ADEK)

Question 4

How do Triglycerides contribute to the taste and texture of foods

Answer 4

Confer taste to food, and signal for satiety(the feeling of fullness and satisfaction after eating)

Question 5

what makes up the largest proportion of lipids that humans consume

Answer 5

Triglycerides

Question 6

Triglycerides made up of which two molecules

Answer 6

glycerol (alcohol) + fatty acids

Question 7

Triglycerides are formed through a chemical process called

Answer 7

esterification

Question 8

Esterification

Result

Answer 8

where three fatty acid molecules react with one molecule of glycerol

This reaction results in the formation of a triglyceride molecule and three molecules of water.

Question 9

which molecules interact for esterification to occur

Answer 9

carboxyl (-COOH) end of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl (-OH) end of the glycerol molecule.

Question 10

how is excess form of fat is stored in our body

Answer 10

via Triglycerides

Question 11

Fully oxidized molecule of glucose = how many ATP

Answer 11

32 ATP

Question 12

Fully oxidized molecule of palmitate (fatty acid) = how many ATP

Answer 12

106 ATP

Question 13

what compound is removed during the esterification process and why.

Answer 13

Esterification process removes water from the adipocyte so you can pack more energy in the cell taking up minimum space

Question 14

what makes up Phospholipids

Answer 14

Phosphatidic acid (made up of glycerol backbone) + 2 fatty acids (saturated @C1 and unsaturated @C2) + phosphate group @C3

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Question 15

Amphiphilic molecules =

Answer 15

Amphiphilic molecules (can attract both water and fat soluble substances)

Amphiphilic molecules, possess both hydrophobic (water-repelling) and hydrophilic (water-attracting) regions within their structure.

Question 16

what type of molecule is a phospholipid

Answer 16

Amphiphilic molecule

Question 17

How many different molecules can bind to phosphate group and form a phospholipid

Answer 17

There are 4 different molecules that can bind to phosphate group and form a phospholipid

Question 18

Name three cellular processes that phospholipids contribute to

Answer 18

Eicosanoid Synthesis (via phospholipids containing arachidonic acid)

Intracellular Signaling

Cell Anchorage

Question 19

What are Sterols

Answer 19

Class of lipids characterized by a four-ring core structure (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene) or steroid nucleus

Question 20

What is the most well-known sterol in animals

Answer 20

Cholesterol

Question 21

Where is Cholesterol abundant within the body

Answer 21

Abundant in the brain and nerve tissues; necessary for normal function

Question 22

Where does cholesterol come from

Answer 22

diet (meats, egg yolk, poultry, and dairy products)

endogenous synthesis (can make yourself)

Question 23

What does Cholesterol make/help make within the body

Answer 23

bile salts
steroid hormones
cell membranes
lipoproteins (serve as carriers of lipids)
vitamin D3

Question 24

Cholesterol Synthesis pathway (endogenous):

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Answer 24

1. Use fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids as substrates
2. These substrates have to be converted into Acetyl-CoA
3. Acetyl-CoA is converted into HMG-CoA
4. HMG-CoA reductase converts HMG-CoA to mevalonate (this is the rate limiting step; whether you need more cholesterol or not; regulates production of cholesterol)
5. Mevalonate is converted to squalene
6. Squalene is converted to cholesterol

7.Cholesterol forms a negative feedback system back to HMG-CoA reductase (inhibited when the cell reaches a significant amount of cholesterol)

Question 25

what did the discovery of Cholesterol Synthesis pathway (endogenous) allow pharmaceutical companies to produce

Answer 25

allowed pharmaceutical companies to produce a drug that interacts with HMG-CoA reductase and inhibits it (statins)

Question 26

When is the “Cholesterol Synthesis pathway (endogenous) “ activated

Answer 26

activated if you are not eating cholesterol and the liver has to synthesize it itself