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PTA > Kinesiology II > Flashcards

Kinesiology II Flashcards

test 2

1
Q

What are the four joints of the elbow and forearm complex?

A

Humeroulnar, radioulnar, proximal radio ulnar, and distal radioulnar

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2
Q

T or F?
The four jts of the elbow allow the hand to be placed in many positions allowing unlimited function of hand and allow for stability as well

A

True

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3
Q

What is the articulation of the humeroulnar joint?

A

trochlea of humerus on trochlear notch of ulna

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4
Q

Humeroulnar joint permits what motions?

A

Flexion and extension

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5
Q

What is the articulation of the humeroradial joint?

A

Fovea of radius and capitulum of humerus

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6
Q

What actions occur at the humeroradial joint?

A

Flexion, extension, pronation, supination

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7
Q

What is the normal outward angulation of the forearm called in the frontal plane?

A

Cubitis valgus

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8
Q

What is normal cubitis valgus also called?

A

Carrying angle - due to its function of keeping a carried object away from the body

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9
Q

T or F?
Elbow trauma can result in either excessive cubitus valgus (outward) or cubitus varus (inward)

A

True

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10
Q

Do men or women have a greater cubitus valgus angle? Why?

A

Women - our hips are wider so our forearm needs to be angled out more

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11
Q

What is males cubitus valgus degree?

A

5 degrees

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12
Q

What are females cubitus valgus degree?

A

10-15 degrees

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13
Q

Where does the medial collateral ligament originate and insert?

A

Originated on medial epicondyle and inserts on the medial aspect of the coronoid and olecranon process

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14
Q

What does the MCL provide stability against?

A

It resists cubitus valgus-producing forces

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15
Q

What are the three main supporting structures of the elbow?

A

Articular capsule, MCL, LCL

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16
Q

Where does the lateral collateral ligament originate?

A

Originates on lateral epicondyle

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17
Q

The lateral collateral ligament splits into two fiber bundles - what are these?

A

Radial collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament

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18
Q

What does the LCL provide stability against?

A

Provides elbow stability by resisting cubitus valgus-producing forces

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19
Q

Is MCL or LCL most often injured during and attempt to catch your own fall? (FOOSH)

A

MCL

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20
Q

What movement can make the MCL and LCL taut and cause damage?

A

Extreme flexion and extension

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21
Q

What plane does elbow flexion and extension occur? What axis of rotation?

A

Sagittal
medial-lateral AOR

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22
Q

What is the function ROM of the elbow - what degrees of flexion?

A

30-130 degrees of flexion

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23
Q

How would you chart elbow ROM that is 5 degrees of hyperextension and 145 degrees of flexion?

A

5-0-145 (hyperextension - neutral - flexion)

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24
Q

T or F?
Pronation and supination occurs as a result of motion at the proximal radioulnar joint.

A

False - pronation and supination occur as a result of motion at both the proximal and distal radioulnar joint

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25
Q

T of F?
Pronation and supination do not occur at the hand

A

True - the hand follows the radius

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26
Q

What are the three supporting structures of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

A

Annular ligament (at proximal jt), distal radioulnar capsule, and interosseous membrane to disperse stress from the radius to the ulna as well

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27
Q

Does supination and pronation rotate around and AOR that travels from the radial head to the ulnar hear?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What is the 0 degree or neutral position of the forearm?

A

Thumbs up

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29
Q

How man degrees of pronation and supination can occur from neutral?

A

85 degrees of supination and 75 degrees of pronation

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30
Q

When the humerus is fixed and pronation and supination occurring, does the radius move and the ulna stay stationary?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What is the arthrokinematics of the radial head and follows the direction of what?

A

The radial head (proximal) spins in place, in the direction of the moving thumb

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32
Q

What is the arthrokinematics of the distal radius?

A

Rolls and slides in same direction relative to ulnar head

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33
Q

What are the prime movers of elbow flexion?

A

biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis

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34
Q

T or F?
Brachioradialis can only pronate and supinate to neutral

A

True

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35
Q

What is the best position for elbow flexion and why?

A

Best position for elbow flex is neutral (thumb up) because the brachioradialis can help at its max potential

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36
Q

What is the secondary elbow flexor?

A

Pronator teres

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37
Q

What is the mm of choice for most elbow flex activities?

A

Bracialis

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38
Q

If flexion movement requires strong supination, what mm is used?

A

Biceps

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39
Q

What are the primary extensors?

A

Triceps and anconeus

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40
Q

T or F?
Functions that require large forces for extending the elbow usually demand strong activation of all three heads of triceps and anconeus
Ex. pushing

A

True

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41
Q

Do many daily functions require relatively low elbow extension force - meaning that the nervous system will activate one joint extensor muscle only?

A

Yes

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42
Q

What are the primary supinators?

A

biceps and supinator

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43
Q

What are the secondary supinators?

A

extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis

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44
Q

If the biceps are contracted when the forearm is pronated, what can happen?

A

The forearm will supinate

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45
Q

Effectiveness of biceps as a supinator is greatest when elbow is flexed to ___ degrees

A

90 degrees. At 90 degrees elbow position, the biceps tendon approached the radius at the 90 degree angle

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46
Q

What are the primary pronators?

A

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus

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47
Q

What are the secondary pronators?

A

flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus

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48
Q

What mm assists the pronator quadratus mm when larger pronation forces are required or when elbow flexion is also desired?

A

Pronator teres

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49
Q

If the pronator teres mm is activated, the elbow is going to flex instead of just pronate unless what muscle is contracted to neutralize the pronator teres elbow flexion?

A

Triceps

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50
Q

What are the two major joints of the wrist?

A

radiocarpal and midcarpal joint

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51
Q

Palmar is synonymous with ____
Dorsal is synonymous with ____

A

Anterior
Posterior

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52
Q

Is the end of the radius and ulna convex or concave? What do the ends articulate with?

A

Concave; they articulate with the proximal row of carpal bones

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53
Q

What is concavity of the ulna and radius laterally and medially bordered by?

A

radial and ulnar styloid process

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54
Q

What are the carpal bones in the proximal row?

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (from lateral to medial; thumb to pinky)

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55
Q

What are the carpal bones in the distal row?

A

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
(from medial to lateral; pinky to thumb)

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56
Q

Are the carpals in the proximal row loosely or tightly bound?

A

Bone in proximal row are loosely joined

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57
Q

Are the carpals in the distal row loosely or tightly bound?

A

Bones in distal row are tightly bound by ligaments

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58
Q

What is the importance of the distal row of carpals stability?

A

It provides and important rigid base for articulations with the metacarpal bones

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59
Q

What is formed by the transverse carpal ligament riding the palmar side of carpal bone?

A

Carpal tunnel

60
Q

What serves as a passageway that helps protect the median nerve and tendons of the extrinsic flexor muscles of the digits?

A

Carpal tunnel

61
Q

What does the concave end of the radius articulate with?

A

Convex scaphoid and lunate

62
Q

80% of forces that crosses the wrist pass through ____, ____, and ____

A

scaphoid, lunate, and radius

63
Q

What does the midcarpal joint separate?

A

The proximal and distal rows of carpal bones

64
Q

What is the most prominent articulation in the hand?

A

The head of the capitate with the socket formed by the distal surfaces of scaphoid and lunate

65
Q

T or F?
Extrinsic ligaments of the wrist have proximal attachments outside carpal bones but attach within carpal bones

A

True

66
Q

T or F?
Intrinsic ligaments of the wrist have origins and insertions within the carpal bones

A

True

67
Q

Wrist joints are enclosed within a ____, which is thickened by ____ and ____ ligaments

A

Wrist joints are enclosed within a fibrous capsule, which is thickened by extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments

68
Q

What do the extrinsic ligaments of the wrist resist extremes of?

A

flexion, extension, and ulnar and radial deviation

69
Q

T or F?
Extrinsic ligaments of the wrist help stabilize the distal radioulnar joint

A

True

70
Q

Where are the intrinsic ligaments of the wrist?

A

Within the carpal bones, interconnecting them

71
Q

What doe the intrinsic ligaments of the wrist do? (3)

A
  1. Help transfer forces between the hand and forearm
  2. Interconnect various carpal bones
  3. Maintain natural shape of radiocarpal and midcarpal joints (to minimize joint stress during movement)
72
Q

T or F?
Normally, the wrist is pretty unstable when compressed, even under substantial forces

A

FALSE - normally, the wrist remains stable when compressed, even under substantial forces

73
Q

T or F?
Damage from large force or wear and tear from aging can significantly destabilize the wrist region

A

True

74
Q

What are the goals for a weak, painful wrist?

A

Strengthening, relief pain, education on how to protect wrist, and splinting

75
Q

What are the osteokinematics of the wrist?

A

Flex/extend and radial ulnar deviation

76
Q

Are pronation and supination motions of the forearm or hand/wrist?

A

Forearm

77
Q

T or F?
The wrist typically does not spin in a circular motion relative to a fixed radius

A

True

78
Q

T or F?
Portions of the radiocarpal joint naturally block the twisting motion of the wrist in relation to the fixed radius

A

True

79
Q

The wrist’s axis of rotation pierces what?

A

Capitate bone

80
Q

Flex and extension of wrist is what axis of rotation?

A

Medial-lateral AOR

81
Q

Ulnar and radial deviation of wrist is what AOR?

A

Anterior-posterior AOR

82
Q

The rotation of what directs the overall path of the entire hand?

A

Capitate bone

83
Q

From neutral position, how much can the wrist flex and extend?

A

Flex - 80 degrees
Extend - 70 degrees

84
Q

What is the extension of the wrist limited by?

A

Limited by tension in thicker palmar carpal ligaments and carpal bones making contact with dorsal side of distal radius

85
Q

From a neutral position, how much can the wrist radially and ulnar deviate?

A

Radial deviation - 20 degrees
UInar deviation - 30 degrees

86
Q

What is the maximum ulnar deviation normally twice of and why?

A

Max ulnar deviation is normally twice radial deviation because of the void created by the ulnocarpal space

87
Q

Is wrist extension convex on concave or concave on convex at both radiocarpal and midcarpal joints?

A

Convex on concave - roll and slide in opposite directions happens simultaneously at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints

88
Q

T or F?
Full wrist extension elongates palmar radiocarpal ligaments, palmar capsule, and wrist and finger flexor muscles which helps stabilize the wrist in an extended position (useful when weight is put through upper extremity)

A

True

89
Q

Is ulnar and radial deviation convex on concave or concave on convex at both radiocarpal and midcarpal joints?

A

Convex on concave

90
Q

Is ulnar and radial deviation more limited? Why?

A

Radial deviation b/c the radial side of the carpal bones butts against the styloid process of radius

91
Q

What do you need to also activate so that when you are making a fist, your wrist does not go into full flexion?

A

Wrist extensors are used to stabilize wrist, especially when making a strong grasp

Without contraction of wrist extensors, the strong flexion pull of extrinsic finger flexor mm will pull whole wrist into flexion

92
Q

Simultaneous contraction of what two mm is required for pure wrist flexion?

A

Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris - activation of all three makes a power grip

93
Q

What mms are frequently used for activities that involve grasp and control of objects held within hand?

A

Radial and ulnar deviator mms

94
Q

T or F?
Because strong functional association between flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris mms, injury to either can disrupt overall muscular action of ulnar deviation

A

True
Ex. RA often causes inflammation and pain in extensors carpi ulnaris tendon

95
Q

With hand in anatomic position, the thumb’s metacarpal is rotated to almost how many degrees medially relative to other digits?

A

In anatomic position, the thumb is rotated medially almost 90 degrees relative to the other digits of the hand

96
Q

What are the three arches of the hand?

A

proximal transverse arch
distal transverse arch
longitudinal arch

97
Q

Flexion and extension of 2nd-5th fingers is in what plane?

A

Sagittal

98
Q

Abduction and adduction of 2nd-5th fingers is in what planes?

A

Frontal

99
Q

Flexion and extension of THUMB is in what plane?

A

Frontal

100
Q

Abduction and adduction of THUMB is in what plane?

A

Sagittal

101
Q

What is the term for movement of thumb across the palm, making direct contact with tips of any finger?

A

Opposition

102
Q

Is deformity of the hand often caused by disease or trauma that disrupts balance forces around joints?

A

Yes

103
Q

T or F?
The spine is made of natural, reciprocal curves that help with out posture and shock absorption

A

True

104
Q

Where is lordosis in the spine?

A

Cervical and lumbar spine

105
Q

T or F?
Curves are dynamic and flexible and are necessary to absorb compressive forces with the help of connective tissues and muscles

A

True

106
Q

What can lead to exaggeration or reduction of spinal curvatures?

A

Disease, trauma, “loose” ligaments genetically, and poor posture

107
Q

T or F?
If spinal curves are distorted, this will stress local muscles and joints.

A

True

108
Q

Does exaggeration of spinal curves put more or less stress on connective tissues and mms that hold the spine together?

A

More

109
Q

Does less exaggeration of spinal curves put more or less stress on the IVDs (intervertebral discs)?

A

More

110
Q

What are the five points of the line of gravity?

A

Mastoid process
Anterior to 2nd sacral vertebra
Posterior to hip
Anterior to knee
Anterior to ankle (APAA)

111
Q

Does the anterior pelvic tilt create more or less lordosis of the lumbar spine?

A

More

112
Q

Does posterior tilt create more or less lordosis of the lumbar spine?

A

Less, it flattens lumbar spine

113
Q

What are the three parts to an IVD?

A

nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosis
vertebral end plate

114
Q

When pressure is put on an VD, what is the motion of the NP and AF?

A

NP pushed outward and AF keeps the NP from escaping. If NP escapes the AF, a hernia has occurred

115
Q

How many cervical vertebra and what are they labeled as?

A

7 cervical vertebra - smallest and most mobile of whole spine
C1 = atlas
C2 = axis
C3-C7 = typical cervical vertebra

116
Q

What plane does flexion/extension occur and what AOR?

A

Plane = sagittal
AOR = medial-lateral

117
Q

What plane does lateral flexion occur and what AOR?

A

Plane = frontal
AOR = anterior-posterior

118
Q

What plane does rotation occur and what AOR?

A

Plane = horizonal
AOR = vertical

119
Q

T or F?
The craniocervical region refers to a set of 2 combined articulations

A

FALSE - 3 articulations

120
Q

What are the three articulations of the craniocervical region?

A

Atlanta-occipital, AA, and intracervical region (the rest of the cervical vertebra)

121
Q

What part of the cervical spine is the most mobile area of the whole vertebral column?

A

Craniocervical region

122
Q

At the AO joint, which way do the condyles roll in extension and flexion?

A

Extension = condyles roll backward
Flexion = condyles roll forward

123
Q

At the AA joint, how many degrees of flexion and extension?

A

Flexion = 5 degrees
Extension = 10 degrees

124
Q

At C3-C7 vertebra, what does extension look like? What about flexion?

A

Extension = posterior and inferior slide off facet
Flexion = anterior and superior slide

125
Q

In flexion, is the anterior disc compressed? In extension, is the posterior disc compressed?

A

Yes and yes

126
Q

Rotation of the head is a result of what?

A

C1 and the “attached” cranium rotation as a fixed unit relative to axis

127
Q

Where is the 50%+ of the neck rotation occurring?

A

Where C1 is attached to the cranium

128
Q

What is rotation of C2-C7 primarily guided by?

A

Oblique orientation of facet joints

129
Q

How much rotation at C2-C7 occurs?

A

45 degrees in ea direction

130
Q

Where is the most motion of lateral flexion occurring?

A

Between C2-C7

131
Q

What is motion of lateral flexion guided by?

A

The incline of facet joints

132
Q

T or F?
Some horizontal plane motion (rotation) is mechanically coupled with lateral flexion

A

True

133
Q

What region is characterized by these?
- Slight flexion/extension, no real rotation, and slight lateral flexion

A

AO - Atlanto-occipital

134
Q

What region is characterized by these?
- Slight flexion/extension, more rotation, no real lateral flexion

A

AA - Atlanto-axial

135
Q

What region is characterized by these?
- More flexion/extension, more rotation, more lateral flexion

A

Intracervical region

136
Q

How many degrees of total flexion is there?

A

80 degrees

137
Q

How many degrees of extension is there?

A

45 degrees

138
Q

How many degrees of lateral flexion is there?

A

45 degrees

139
Q

For every inch forward that your head is, how many pounds are put on your spine (how much weight is your head increased by?)

A

10 lbs

140
Q

Do superficial or deep muscles of the neck move the neck and fatigue easily?

A

Superficial mms

141
Q

Are superficial or deep muscles designed for endurance of upright posture all day and are stabilizers?

A

Deep mms

142
Q

What are the superficial mm of the anterior neck and their motions? (2)

A

SCM
- bilateral = flexion
- unilateral = lateral flexion
- contralateral = rotation

Scalenes (all three)
- bilateral = flexion
- unilateral = lateral flexion

143
Q

What are the superficial mm of the posterior neck? (2)

A

Splenus capitis (head and neck mover)
- bilateral = extension
- unilateral = lateral flexion
- ipsilateral rotation

Splenus cervicis (neck mover)
- bilateral = extension
- unilateral = lateral flexion
- ipsilateral rotation

144
Q

T or F?
Control of the head and neck is essential for coordinated alignment of the eyes and ears.
Ex. turning to locate and listen to sound

A

True

145
Q

Are head and neck muscles neurologically very closely linked with the visual and vestibular systems of the brain?

A

Yes

146
Q

T or F?
The primary function of deeper craniocervical muscles is to make the large movements of the head like flexion and extension

A

False - primary function of deeper craniocervical muscle is to fine-tune movements of the head and neck

147
Q

T or F?
Deeper craniocervical muscles are effective at neutralizing secondary actions otherwise dictated by the plane of facet joints

A

True

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