Pulmonary hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mean pulmonary arterial pressure in a patient with pulmonary hypertension?

A

25 mmhg at rest

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2
Q

What is the normal mean pulmonary arterial pressure?

A

10-20 mmHg

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3
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

a condition that causes the right side of the heart to fail due to an enlarged and overworked right ventricle caused by a primary disorder of the respiratory system

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4
Q

What can pulmonary hypertension lead to?

A

Cor pulmonale
Right sided heart failure

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5
Q

What does the echocardiogram or a normal heart look like compared to the echocardiogram of a heart experiencing pulmonary hypertension?

A

In the normal heart, the left ventricle is the largest structure with the LA and RA being similar in size and the RV being slightly bigger than the atria
In a heart experiencing pulmonary hypertension, the left ventricle is significantly smaller with the RV and RA being drastically increased in size due to increase PVR

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6
Q

Describe group 1 pulmonary hypertension

A

Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension

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7
Q

Describe group 2 pulmonary hypertension

A

Associated with left heart disease

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8
Q

How does left heart disease cause pulmonary hypertension?

A

Places backward stress on the pulmonary vasculature due to a systolic or diastolic dysfunction of valvular disease

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9
Q

Describe group 3 pulmonary hypertension

A

Associated with chronic lung disease or chronic hypoxia

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10
Q

What diseases are associated with group 3 pulmonary hypertension?

A

COPD
ILD
Sleep related disorders
Chronic exposure to high altitude

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11
Q

Describe group 4 pulmonary hypertension

A

PH due to chronic thromboelbolic pulmonary hypertension

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12
Q

Describe group 5 pulmonary hypertension

A

Hypertension due to unclear multifactorial mechanisms such as
Polycythemia
Essential thrombocythemia
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis
Metabolic disorders
Other conditions such as tumors that press on the pulmonary arteries or kidney disease

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13
Q

Pulmonary hypertension is a clinical diagnosis, what does this mean?

A

A clinical diagnosis is a diagnosis that cant be confirmed by a specific test, but by ruling other causes out and analyzing the signs and symptoms of the disease process

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14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of right ventricular heart failure?

A

Exertional chest pain
Exertional syncope
Weight gain from edema
Anorexia?
Abdominal pain and swelling

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15
Q

How may a patient with pulmonary hypertension present?

A

Dyspnea
Lethargy
Signs and symptoms of right ventricular failure

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16
Q

What are some visual signs that can indicate pulmonary hypertension?

A

Peripheral edema
Ascites

17
Q

What is a key test to determine whether or not someone has pulmonary hypertension?

A

Echocardiogram

18
Q

What should be looked for in the echocardiogram of someone who thought to have pulmonary hypertension?

A

Dilated right ventricle
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Tricuspid valve regurgitation

19
Q

How do you treat pulmonary hypertension?

A

By treating the underlying causing

20
Q

How do you treat group 2 pulmonary hypertension?

A

Treat the left heart failure

21
Q

How do you treat group 3 pulmonary hypertension?

A

Treat causative lung disease

22
Q

How do you treat group 4 pulmonary hypertension?

A

Treat chronic emboli with anticoagulants

23
Q

What are some options for management of pulmonary hypertension?

A

Diuretics
Anticoagulants
Digoxin (some form of heart medicine)
Oxygen therapy
Physical activity

24
Q

Name 2 inhaled medications that are used to manage pulmonary hypertension

A

Iloprost = ventavis
Treprostinil = tyvaso

25
Q

Patients suffering from pulmonary hypertension occasionally have a wearable pump with them that continuously gives them medication. What medication is delivered by this pump?

A

Treprostinil = remodulin

26
Q

What are 2 phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors used to control pulmonary hypertension?

A

Sildenafil
Tadalafil

27
Q

What medications can be used to acutely treat pulmonary hypertension?

A

Nitric oxide
Epoprostinol/prostaglandin = flolan

28
Q

Describe what the systemic pressure of a patient suffering from an exacerbation of pulmonary hypertension would look like and why

A

Systemic pressure would be low because of increased PVR which would limit blood flow to the left ventricle resulting in low systemic blood pressure

29
Q

Why is it important to recognize that a patient who is experiencing pulmonary hypertension has low blood pressure due to the increased PVR?

A

Because typical methods of raising blood pressure will be ineffective and may actually cause more harm than good