Piliavin et al. (1969) Flashcards

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1
Q

(Piliavin et al) The study investigates the key them of _______ _________.

A

Helping behaviour.

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2
Q

(Piliavin et al) What is altruism?

A

Doing something for someone else without getting anything for yourself.

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3
Q

(Piliavin et al) What is an extrinsic reward?

A

External, physical rewards (money, gifts, a chance for a promotion etc.).

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4
Q

(Piliavin et al) What is an intrinsic reward?

A

Internal, emotional rewards (feeling good about yourself etc.).

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5
Q

(Piliavin et al) What does the study investigate?

A

Whether people are altruistic or whether people will always put themselves first before helping others.

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6
Q

(Piliavin et al) Recall the story of Kitty Genovese.

A

She was a 28-year-old woman who was murdered in New York in 1964 while she was walking home.
The attack was approximately 35 minutes long.
During the stabbings, the killer fled the scene when he saw witnesses but retuned twice more.
There we 38 witnesses to the attack, but no one assisted Kitty or called the police.
She was murdered on the third attack.

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7
Q

(Piliavin et al) What is bystander apathy?

A

Where people fail to act and help someone in need when others are present.

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8
Q

(Piliavin et al) What is the diffusion of responsibility?

A

Bystanders do not take responsibility to help victims when there are other bystanders present as each feels as if someone else can help.

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9
Q

(Piliavin et al) What is the aim of the study?

A

To investigate how a group of people would react if they saw someone collapsed on a train.
- Would an ill person get more help than a drunk person?
- Would people show ethnocentric behaviour?
- Would the intervention of a ‘model’ influence others?
- Would the size of the group of bystanders influence help?

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10
Q

(Piliavin et al) What was the hypotheses of the study?

A
  • A drunk person would get less help than an ill person.
    People would help others that are of the same race.
  • Seeing one person help would encourage others to help.
  • The larger the group, the less likely it is that help will come (diffusion of responsibility).
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11
Q

(Piliavin et al) What was the design of Piliavin’s experiment?

A

Field experiment.

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12
Q

(Piliavin et al) Fill in the gaps: The study took place on a carriage of a ___ ____ ______ train (8th Avenue Express). Passengers on the train were not aware of the experiment.

A

1) New York Subway

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13
Q

(Piliavin et al) Fill in the gaps: Trails took place over _ months, on ________ between __am and _pm. Each trail would take place in between the same two stops, as there was a ___ minute period where there would be no interruptions.

A

1) 3
2) weekdays
3) 11
4) 3
5) 7.5

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14
Q

(Piliavin et al) What would happen 70 seconds into the train journey?

A

A victim would stagger forwards and collapse on the train.

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15
Q

(Piliavin et al) What were the independent variables?

A
  • If the victim appeared drunk (smelt of alcohol) or ill (held a cane).
  • If the victim was either black or white.
  • If a model would help the victim.
  • Number of passengers on the train varied.
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16
Q

(Piliavin et al) What was kept the same, regarding the victim?

A

Always male, aged between 26-35 and wore the same clothes.

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17
Q

(Piliavin et al) If there was a model present, they would offer help at different points on different days, these points were:

A
  • Model: critical area: quickly = 70 seconds
  • Model: critical area: slowly = 150 seconds
  • Model: adjacent area: quickly: far from victim
  • Model: adjacent area: slowly
  • No model
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18
Q

(Piliavin et al) Describe the 4 teams of university students who conducted the study.

A

2 males played the parts of the victim and model.
2 females were observers and recorded:
- The race, gender, and location of passengers on the whole train.
- The race, gender and location of passengers who helped the victim.
- How long it took passengers to help.
- What passengers said to each other once they noticed the victim.

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19
Q

(Piliavin et al) How many trials were conducted over the 3 month period?

A

103

20
Q

(Piliavin et al) What was the ratio of trials that had an ill victim to a drunk victim?

A

65:38
(as one team didn’t like conducting the drunk condition)

21
Q

(Piliavin et al) What are the independent variables in this study?

A
  • Type of victim (drunk/ill)
  • Race of victim (black/white)
  • Presence of models (quick/slow, adjacent/critical)
  • Number of passengers witnessing the victim
22
Q

(Piliavin et al) What are the dependent variables in this study?

A
  • Number of people who helped.
  • Time it took for people to help.
  • Race of helpers.
  • Gender of helpers.
  • Location of passengers.
  • Comments made by passengers.
23
Q

(Piliavin et al) What is the percentage of help received on an ‘ill’ victim trial?

A

95% (62/65)

24
Q

(Piliavin et al) What is the percentage of help received on an ‘drunk’ victim trial?

A

50% (19/38)

25
Q

(Piliavin et al) Fill the gaps: In __ trials, __ people ____ the ________ area when the victim collapsed.

A

1) 21
2) 34
3) left
4) critical

26
Q

(Piliavin et al) What was the median time it took for passengers to help the ill victim (without a model)?

A

5 seconds.

27
Q

(Piliavin et al) What was the median time it took for passengers to help the drunk victim (without a model)?

A

109 seconds.

28
Q

(Piliavin et al) Fill in the gaps: _____ victims received slightly ____ help, especially in the _____ condition.
_____ passengers were slightly more likely to help _____ victims.

A

1) Black
2) less
3) drunk
4) White
5) white

29
Q

(Piliavin et al) It was hypothesised that models would encourage people to help…what was the reality?

A

Models were rarely needed, the public helped quickly.

30
Q

(Piliavin et al) What was the effect of the number of bystanders on the train?

A

No difference in how many people helped.

31
Q

(Piliavin et al) Give examples of comments made.

A

“It’s for men to help”
“You feel bad when you don’t know what to do”

32
Q

(Piliavin et al) Explain what is meant by arousal.

A

An unpleasant emotion that we want to get rid of.

33
Q

(Piliavin et al) How can we reduce arousal? (4)

A
  • Help the person.
  • Get help.
  • Leave.
  • Believe the person doesn’t deserve any help and not do anything.
34
Q

(Piliavin et al) What are the costs of helping?

A

Effort, harm, embarrassment.

35
Q

(Piliavin et al) What are the costs of not helping?

A

Disapproval, blame, guilt, judgement.

36
Q

(Piliavin et al) What are the rewards of helping?

A

Praise from others, feeling good about yourself.

37
Q

(Piliavin et al) What are the rewards of not helping?

A

Being able to continue your other activities, less effort.

38
Q

(Piliavin et al) Why was there no diffusion of responsibility?

A
  • Passengers were trapped on the train so there wouldn’t be other help coming.
  • Reduced costs to helping.
  • Unlike Kitty, it was clear that there was a problem.
39
Q

(Piliavin et al) What was the research method used for the study?

A

Field experiment.

40
Q

(Piliavin et al) Was the ecological validity high or low?

A

High.

41
Q

(Piliavin et al) What are the disadvantages of Piliavin using a field experiment?

A
  • Harder to isolate the IV as the cause of the behaviour.
  • No way to control how many passengers were on the train.
42
Q

(Piliavin et al) Explain consent in regards to Piliavin.

A

Participants did not give their consent to take part in the study. Covert observations were used.

43
Q

(Piliavin et al) Explain debriefing in regards to Piliavin.

A

They were not debriefed afterwards and many participants had no idea they even took part in a study.

44
Q

(Piliavin et al) Explain deception in regards to Piliavin.

A

Participants were deceived and may have been distressed, as they believed that someone had collapsed on their train.

45
Q

(Piliavin et al) The study used a independent groups design, explain what is meant by this.

A

Each participants only took part in one of the conditions (drunk/ill) etc…).

46
Q

(Piliavin et al) What controls were put in place?

A

The victim wore the same clothes and fainted in the same place in the carriage.